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Under the editorship of dl Faibisovich. Faibisovich - a guide to the design of electrical networks. The objectives of the discipline

C R A V O C N I K

FOR DESIGN

ELECTRIC NETWORKS

Edited by D. L. FAIBISOVICH

4th edition, revised and enlarged

Reviewer V. V. Mogirev

Authors: I. G. Karapetyan (sections 3.2, 5.1, 5.3–5.8, sec. 6, sec. 7), D. L. Faibisovich (sections 1–3, sec. 5.2, sec. 7), I. M. Shapiro (section 4)

Handbook for the design of electrical networks / C74, ed. D. L. Faibisovich. – 4th ed., revised. and additional – M.:

ENAS, 2012. - 376 p. : ill.

ISBN 978-5-4248-0049-8

Information is given on the design of electrical networks of power systems, methods of technical and economic calculations, the choice of parameters and schemes of networks, data on electrical equipment, overhead and cable lines, and the cost of elements of electrical networks.

The reference book is intended for engineers involved in the design and operation of energy systems and electrical networks, as well as for students of energy universities.

UDC 621.311.001.63(035) BBK 31.279

Preface

The solution of these problems requires the use of a large amount of information dispersed in various literary sources, regulatory documents, departmental instructions, as well as accumulated decades of domestic and foreign design experience. The concentration of such material in one edition greatly facilitates the work of the designer.

In the USSR, this role was successfully performed by the "Handbook on the Design of Electric Power Systems" edited by S. S. Rokotyan and I. M. Shapiro, which went through 3 editions (1971, 1977 and 1985). The success of the book (the 3rd edition of 30,000 copies sold very quickly) prompted the authors to prepare the 4th edition in 1990. However, for reasons beyond their control, this edition was not published.

Over the past 20 years, significant socio-economic changes have taken place in the country. The formation of a number of independent states on the territory of the former USSR changed the composition and structure of the Unified Energy System (UES) of the country. The transition to a market economy has drastically affected the electric power industry. A significant part of the property in the industry is corporatized and privatized with the state retaining a controlling stake. The electricity market has been created.

Under these conditions, the authors who took part in the development of this reference book considered it necessary to prepare this publication, confining it to the design of electrical networks. At the same time, the structure and titles of the sections have been largely preserved. The material of the previous edition has been significantly updated, and in a number of sections it has been completely revised.

bridge indicators of elements of electrical networks, as well as the latest data on domestic equipment and materials used in electric power systems.

This edition takes into account the latest changes in the structure of the Russian energy sector and the requirements of new regulatory documents; new technical data on cable lines, autotransformers, switching devices and other types of equipment are given, as well as updated cost indicators of network facilities; modern approaches to the formation of tariffs for electricity are considered.

Section 1

DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY SYSTEMS AND ELECTRIC NETWORKS. OBJECTIVES OF THEIR DESIGN

1.1. DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY SYSTEMS IN RUSSIA

The beginning of the development of the electric power industry in Russia is associated with the development and implementation of the GOELRO plan (State Commission for Electrification of Russia). Our country's power engineers were the first in the world to gain experience in broad-based state planning of an entire branch of industry, as important and decisive as the electric power industry. It is known that with the GOELRO plan a long-term planning of the development of the national economy on a national scale began, the first five-year plans began.

The principles of centralization of electricity generation and concentration of generating capacities at large regional power plants ensured high reliability and efficiency of the country's energy economy. During all the years of construction, the electric power industry outpaced the growth rates of gross industrial output. This fundamental provision continued to serve as the general direction for the development of the electric power industry in subsequent years, after the completion of the GOELRO plan, and was laid down in subsequent plans for the development of the national economy. In 1935 (the deadline for the implementation of the GOELRO plan), its quantitative indicators for the development of the main industries and the electric power industry were significantly overfulfilled. Thus, the gross output of certain branches of industry increased by 205-228% compared to 1913, against 180-200% planned by the GOELRO plan. Especially significant was the overfulfillment of the plan for the development of the electric power industry. Instead of the planned construction of 30 power plants, 40 were built. Already in 1935, the USSR surpassed such economically developed countries as England, France, Italy in the production of electricity, and took third place in the world after the USA and Germany.

The dynamics of the development of the electric power base of the USSR,

and since 1991 - Russia, is characterized by the data of Table. 1.1 and fig. 1.1. The development of the country's electric power industry in the 1930s. characterized-

was the beginning of the formation of energy systems. Our country stretches from east to west for eleven time zones. Corresponding-

thousand km (%)

31,0 (9,5 %)

01.01.91 01.01.96

01.01.07 01.01.10

110 (150) kV 220–330 kV 500 kV and above

Rice. 1.1. The length of overhead lines 110 kV and above (a) and the installed capacity of transformers 110 kV and above (b)

T a b l e 1.1

Development of the country's electric power base (zone of centralized power supply, including block stations)

	Indicators
	1. Installed
	electric power
	stations, mln
	stations, mln
	kW, including:



	2. Working out
	electricity,
	billion kWh, including

Note. Data for 1980 refer to the USSR, and for subsequent years refer to the Russian Federation.

As a result, in some regions, the demand for electricity and the operating modes of power plants are changing. It is more efficient to use their power, "pumping" it to where it is needed at the moment. Reliability and stability of electricity supply can be ensured only if there are interconnections between power plants, i.e., when energy systems are combined.

By 1935, six energy systems operated in the USSR with an annual electricity generation of over 1 billion kWh each, including Moscow - about 4 billion kWh, Leningrad, Donetsk and Dnieper - more than 2 billion kWh. The first energy systems were created on on the basis of power transmission lines with a voltage of 110 kV, and in the Dnieper energy system - with a voltage of 154 kV, which was adopted to supply power to the Dnieper hydroelectric power station.

The next stage in the development of power systems, characterized by an increase in the transmitted power and the connection of electrical networks of adjacent power systems, is associated with the development of power transmission of the 220 kV class. In 1940, an intersystem line 220 kV Donbass - Dnieper was built to connect the two largest energy systems in the South of the country.

The normal development of the national economy of the country and its electric power base was interrupted by the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. The energy systems of Ukraine, the North-West,

the Baltic States and a number of central regions of the European part of the country. As a result of hostilities, electricity generation

V country fell in 1942 to 29 billion kWh, which was significantly inferior to the pre-war year. During the war years, more than 60 large power plants with a total installed capacity of 5.8 million kW were destroyed, which threw the country back to the level corresponding to 1934 by the end of the war.

During the war, the first Joint Dispatching Office (ODD) was organized. It was created in the Urals in 1942 to coordinate the work of three regional energy departments: Sverdlovenergo, Permenergo and Chelyabenergo. These power systems operated in parallel on 220 kV lines.

IN At the end of the war, and especially immediately after it, work was launched to restore and rapidly develop the country's electric power economy. Thus, from 1945 to 1958, the installed capacity of power plants increased by 42 million kW, or

V 4.8 times. Electricity production has grown over the years by 5.4 times, and the average annual growth rate of electricity production was 14%. This made it possible already in 1947 to reach the first place in Europe in the production of electrical energy and the second in the world.

In the early 1950s construction of a cascade of hydroelectric facilities on the Volga began. Power transmission lines with a voltage of 500 kV stretched from them for a thousand or more kilometers to the industrial regions of the Center and the Urals. Along with the output of power from the two largest Volzhsky HPPs, this provided the possibility of parallel operation of the power systems of the Center, the Middle and Lower Volga and the Urals. Thus, the first stage of the creation of the Unified Energy System (UES) of the country was completed. This period of development of the electric power industry was primarily associated with the process of "electrification in breadth", in which the need to cover the inhabited territory came to the fore.

territory of the country with centralized power supply networks

V short terms and with limited capital investments.

IN In 1970, the Unified Energy System (IPS) of Transcaucasia was attached to the Unified Energy System of the European part of the country, and in 1972, the IPS of Kazakhstan and certain regions of Western Siberia.

Birsk hydroelectric power stations. All this ensured a faster growth in production.

And consumption of electricity in the eastern regions of the country to ensure the development of energy-intensive industries of the territorial but-industrial complexes, such as Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayano-Shushensky and others. electricity production in the eastern regions increased by almost 6 times, while in the European part of the country, including the Urals, by 4.1 times. With the accession of the energy systems of Siberia to the UES, the operation of the largest power plants and the main backbone transmission lines began to be controlled from a single point. From the Central Dispatch Control Panel (CDU) of the UES in Moscow, using an extensive network of dispatch communication, automation and telemechanics, the dispatcher can transfer power flows between power interconnections in a matter of minutes. This makes it possible to reduce installed standby capacities.

And was aimed at improving the reliability of power supply to existing and newly connected consumers. This required the improvement of electrical network schemes, the replacement of physically worn out and obsolete equipment, building structures and structures.

TO In 1990, the country's electric power industry received further development. The capacities of individual power plants have reached about 5 million kW. Surgutskaya GRES had the largest installed capacity - 4.8 million kW, Kursk, Balakovo and Leningrad NPP - 4.0 million kW, Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP - 6.4 million kW.

The development of the electric power industry continued to advance at a faster pace. Thus, since 1955, the production of electricity in the USSR has grown more than 10 times, while the national income generated has increased 6.2 times. The installed capacity of power plants increased from 37.2 million kW in 1955 to 344 million kW in 1990. The length of electric networks with a voltage of 35 kV and more during this period increased from 51.5 to 1025 thousand km, including 220 kV and above - from 5.7 thousand to 143 thousand km. A significant achievement in the development of the electric power industry was the unification and organization of parallel operation of the power systems of the CMEA member countries, the total installed capacity of power plants of which exceeded 400 million kW, and the electric network covered the territory from Berlin to Ulaanbaatar.

Changes in the political and economic conditions in the country already at that time began to have a serious negative impact on the development and functioning of the electric power industry. For the first time in the post-war years, in 1991, the installed capacity of power plants decreased, and the generation and consumption of electricity decreased. The indicators of the quality of electrical energy have deteriorated. Electricity losses in electric networks, specific fuel consumption for the production of electric and thermal energy have increased. The number of restrictions and disconnections of consumers has increased, the supply of electricity to the countries of Eastern Europe has significantly decreased.

The formation of independent states on the territory of the former USSR and the division of electric power property between them led to a fundamental change in the structure of management of the electric power industry. These states created their own management bodies and independent business entities in the electric power industry. The destruction of the system of centralized control of such a complex single technological object as the electric power industry of the USSR set the task of creating a system of coordinated control and planning for the development of the electric power industry of the Commonwealth states as soon as possible.

For these purposes, the CIS member states concluded on February 14, 1992 an agreement “On the coordination of interstate relations in the field of electric power industry of the Commonwealth of Independent States”, in accordance with which the CIS Electric Power Council and its permanent body, the Executive Committee, were created. The CIS Electric Power Council adopted a number of important decisions that contribute to the stabilization of the electric power industry of the Commonwealth states. However, the predominance of disintegration processes in the economy of the CIS countries as a whole, the violation of the principles established in the UES for coordinating the management of production and distribution of electricity, the lack of effective mechanisms for joint work, the inability of individual energy systems to maintain the frequency in the required ranges, led to the termination of parallel operation between most energy systems, i.e. . actually to the collapse of the UES of the former

WORKING PROGRAM OF THE DISCIPLINE

Distribution electrical networks

OOP 140205 Electric power systems and networks

Faculty - FEN

Extramural

Course 4, semester 7

Lectures - 14 hours

Practical work - 4

Laboratory work - no

Independent work - 82 hours

Pass - semester 7

Total - 100 hours

Novosibirsk

2009
The work program is based on:

State educational standard of higher professional education in the specialty 140205 Electric power systems and networks. Registration number 214 tech/ds. Date of approval: 03/27/2000 (Special disciplines, including disciplines of specializations. SD.00 - Disciplines of specialization DC.01)

Clause 4.2 No. 41 of the curriculum

The work program was discussed at a meeting of the AEES department,

Protocol No. _ 3 _ from "_ 16 _» ____ June _______2009
The program was developed by Ph.D., Associate Professor __________________________A.V. Lykin
Head of the Department Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor ______________________________ A.G. Fishov

Responsible for the main

educational program Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor ____________________________ A.V. Lykin

External Requirements

The work program of the discipline is compiled within the framework of hours of disciplines, specializations, and is based on modern ideas and the latest developments in the field of transmission and distribution of electrical energy, as well as priority areas for the management and development of distribution electrical networks of the Russian Federation.

When compiling the work program, materials of the following provisions, methodological materials, monographs and other publications were used:

Fuel and energy complex of Russia 2000-2006: reference and analytical review. - M: IAC "Energy", 2007, 478 p.
Regulations on the technical policy in the distribution electric grid complex. Appendix to the Order of IDGC of Center and North Caucasus, JSC dated 11/14/2006 No. 228.
Faibisovich D.L., Karapetyan I.G., Shapiro I.M. Handbook on the design of electrical networks / Ed. D.L. Faibisovich. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Publishing house of NC ENAS, 2009 - 392 p.
On the provision of services for reactive energy (power) compensation / Ministry of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation. - Letter dated November 1, 2004 N IM-1374.
Order of the Chairman of the Board of RAO Energy and Electrification "UES of RUSSIA" A.B. Chubais dated December 11, 2006, No. 893. "On Improving the Stability and Technical and Economic Efficiency of Distribution Electric Networks and Consumer Power Supply Systems by Controlling Reactive Power Flows and Normalizing Voltage Levels".
The procedure for calculating the values of the ratio of active and reactive power consumption for individual power receivers (groups of power receivers) of electric energy consumers used to determine the obligations of the parties in contracts for the provision of services for the transmission of electrical energy (energy supply contracts) Approved by Order of the Ministry of Industry and Energy of Russia dated February 22, 2007 N 49.
Guidelines for designing the development of energy systems. SO 153-34.20.118-2003.
Standard instruction for compensation of capacitive ground fault current in electrical networks 6-35 kV. – RD 34.20.179 (TI 34-70-070-87).
Electrical Installation Rules: All current sections of the sixth and seventh editions, as amended and supplemented, as of February 1, 2008. – M.: KnoRus, 2008. – 487 p.
Opoleva G.N. Schemes and substations of power supply. Directory: Proc. Allowance. - M.: FORUM: INFA-M, 2006. - 480 p.
Zhelezko Yu.S., Artemiev A.V., Savchenko O.V. Calculation, analysis and regulation of power losses in electrical networks: A guide for practical calculations. - M.: Publishing house of NC ENAS, 2003. - 280 p.

The area of professional activity is electric power industry.
The objects of professional activity of the graduate are:

power stations and substations, power lines;
electric power systems;
power supply systems for equipment and industries;

Types of professional activity of the graduate.

Graduates in the direction of training a certified specialist "Power Engineering" can be prepared to perform the following types of professional activities:

design and production and technological;
research;
operational;
installation and commissioning;
organizational and managerial.

Specific activities are determined by the content of the educational and professional program developed by the university.

Qualification requirements:

To perform professional tasks, an engineer:

performs work on design, information services, labor organization and management, metrological support, technical control;
develops and implements energy saving measures;
develops methodological and regulatory materials, technical documentation, as well as proposals and activities for the implementation of developed projects and programs;
participates in the implementation of research, development of projects and programs, in carrying out the necessary activities related to the diagnostics and testing of equipment and its introduction into operation, as well as in the performance of work on the standardization of technical means, systems, processes, equipment and materials, in considering various technical documentation, prepares the necessary reviews, reviews, conclusions;
studies and analyzes the necessary information, technical data, indicators and results of work, summarizes and systematizes them, performs the necessary calculations using modern technical means;
draws up work schedules, orders, applications, instructions, explanatory notes, diagrams and other technical documentation, as well as established reporting in accordance with approved forms and on time;
carries out an examination of technical documentation, supervision and control over the condition and operation of equipment, identifies reserves, establishes the causes of violations of the operating modes of equipment and malfunctions during its operation, takes measures to eliminate them and increase the efficiency of use;
monitors compliance with established requirements, applicable norms, rules and standards;
organizes work to improve the scientific and technical knowledge of employees;
promotes the development of creative initiative, rationalization, invention, the introduction of achievements of domestic and foreign science, technology, the use of best practices, ensuring the efficient operation of the unit, enterprise;
advises on the issues of ensuring the quality of electricity, the development and implementation of advanced technological processes;
organizes and provides energy saving measures;
provides measures for environmental safety of technological processes.

2 Features (principles) of building a discipline

Features (principles) of discipline construction are described in Table. 2.

table 2

Features (principles) of discipline construction

Feature (principle)	Content
The basis for the introduction of the course	Direction Standard 140205 Electric Power Systems and Networks
Course recipient	Students studying in the specialty 140205, Electric power systems and networks
the main objective	Obtaining knowledge on the device, modeling, calculations, regulation and optimization of the operation of distribution electrical networks
course core	Information about the structure of distribution electrical networks, methods for regulating modes and typical design of electrical networks.
Requirements for initial training necessary for the successful mastering of the discipline	List of disciplines: higher mathematics, TOE: Theory of linear electrical circuits. Electric power systems and networks Computer experience.
Level of requirements compared to GOS	Corresponds to the level of GOS
Course length in hours	18 hours of lectures, 4 hours of practical training, KR
Basic concepts of the course	EES technology. High-voltage electrical network as a technical device. The function of transport of electrical energy. Distribution function of electrical energy. The electrical circuit of the network. Normal electrical network diagram. Electric network neutral mode. Electrical safety. Electrical load chart. Time to use the maximum load. Time of maximum losses. Electric network mode.
The focus of the course is on the development of general subject, general intellectual skills that have the property of transfer	Analysis and modeling of objects of electrical networks and systems and their modes of operation
Ensuring subsequent disciplines	Diploma design
Practical part of the course	Exercise and problem solving. Mastering the basics of typical design of electrical networks when performing control work
Areas of application of acquired knowledge and skills	The use of mathematical models of objects of electrical networks and systems for solving problems of the electric power industry. Design of power facilities. Performing special calculations on a computer.
Description of the main "points" of control	Control works, offset
Discipline and modern information technologies	Mathcad, Excel Other systems for performing mathematical transformations and calculations (at the student's choice).
Discipline and current state of science and practice	Modern tools for modeling and mathematical calculations. Modern electrical network equipment. New technologies for designing electrical networks. New calculation methods and ways to reduce electricity losses. New data on indicators of energy development in the countries of the world. Energy accidents in the countries of the world - analysis and conclusions.

3 Objectives of the academic discipline

The objectives of the discipline are described in Table. 3.

Table 3

After studying the discipline, the student will

Target number	Goal content
have an idea
	about processes in electrical distribution networks about the arrangement of electrical networks about schemes of electrical networks and substations on regulation of electrical energy losses
know
	theoretical foundations for compensating capacitive earth fault currents and reactive power compensation methods for calculating electrical energy losses measures to reduce electrical energy losses methods for determining the calculated loads of consumers and electrical networks
be able to
	to model and analyze the modes of electrical networks. choose substation schemes and basic equipment for high-voltage distribution networks expand the basic concepts of the electric power industry for its specific area using the example of electrical networks.
have experience
	evaluation of the parameters of the EPS modes calculations of EPS modes electrical network design

Table 4

Description of lectures

Lecture Topics	Watch	Goal Links
Introduction. The main voltage classes of distribution electrical networks (RES). Main functions and principles of construction	1
1 RES device. RES types. Overhead power lines. Overhead power lines up to 1 kV with self-supporting insulated wires. Overhead power lines 6-35 kV with protected wires. cable lines. New designs of wires for overhead lines. Power transformers in electrical networks. Schemes of distribution electrical networks. Schemes of electrical networks 35-220 kV. Schemes of distribution networks 10 (6) kV. Schemes of electrical networks for 0.38 kV	2
2 Grounding of neutrals in electrical networks. Types of three-phase AC systems up to 1000 V. Neutral grounding modes in networks with voltages over 1000 V. Electrical networks with isolated neutral. Electrical networks with a neutral earthed through an arcing reactor. Neutral grounded through a resistor. Calculation of the capacitance of the wires of the phases of the overhead line. Alignment of the capacitances of the phases of the electrical network. Choice of arc extinguishing reactors.	2
3 Reactive power compensation. Reactive power in electrical networks. Reactive power consumers. Calculations of consumer reactive power consumption Reactive power sources Capacitor units Static thyristor compensators Synchronous compensators Synchronous motors Selection and placement of compensating devices.	3
4 Assessment of voltage deviation in electrical networks. Voltage regulation. Quality assurance. Calculation of voltage loss.	2
5 Losses of electrical energy. Electric energy balance for a network organization. Technological consumption of electricity for its transmission through electric networks. Calculation of electrical energy losses that do not depend on the load. Calculation of load losses of electricity. Time of maximum loss method. Method of average loads. Rationing of losses of electric energy. Non-technical losses of electrical energy. Measures to reduce losses of electrical energy in distribution electrical networks.	4
6 Design of distribution electrical networks. Consumers of electrical energy. Load charts. Estimated loads of industrial enterprises. Calculation of electrical loads in urban networks. Calculation of electrical loads of agricultural consumers. Determination of the calculated loads of electrical networks. Choice of sections of wires and cables of power lines 35-220 kV. Features selection of sections of wires and cables of power transmission lines 0.38-20 kV. Checking conductors for thermal resistance and non-ignition. Selection of distribution transformers.	4

Table 5

Description of practical exercises

Learning activities

Task for control work

The choice of cross-sections of conductors according to the permissible voltage loss

Task. Select the cross-sections of the wires of the overhead line in the network with a voltage of 10 kV according to the permissible voltage loss (Fig.).

Rice. Electrical network diagram

Initial data

1. Estimated power loads of TP-1, TP-2.

2. Distances of 10 kV overhead lines.

3. Area on ice.

4. Permissible voltage loss in the lines of 10 kV to the buses of the transformer substation.

Instructions for solving the problem

1. For 10 kV overhead lines, steel-aluminum wires (AC grades) should be selected. The average values of inductive reactances are given in Table. 1. Take the specific active resistance of steel-aluminum wires:  \u003d 29.5 Ohm mm 2 / km.

2. An additional criterion for selecting wire cross-sections for 10 kV overhead lines is the minimum consumption of non-ferrous metal or the minimum power loss (as directed by the teacher).

3. First, you need to select one highway, for example, lines L-3 and L-1, and for its sections, according to a given criterion, select sections F 3 and F 1 . The design capacities of the line sections are obtained by calculating the approximate flow distribution in the network. The selected sections are checked for the allowable heating current and the mechanical strength of the overhead lines.

4. Determine the actual value of the voltage loss in the line and compare it with the allowable one. If necessary, increase the cross section of the wires.

Note. For overhead lines over 1 kV without crossing with steel-aluminum wires in the area on ice up to II inclusive, the minimum allowable cross section is AC-35 / 6.2

5. After that, the available voltage loss in the L-2 line is determined and the section is selected from it F 2. It also performs all necessary checks.
Table 1

Values of the average inductive resistance of the line of distribution electrical networks

6 References

Lykin A.V. Electrical systems and networks: Proc. allowance. – M.: University book; Logos, 2006. - 254 p.
Electrotechnical reference book: In 4 volumes. Vol. 3. Production, transmission and distribution of electrical energy / Ed. ed. MPEI professors V.G. Gerasimova and others (editor-in-chief A.I. Popov). - 9th ed., Sr. - M.: MPEI Publishing House, 2004. - 964 p.
Guidelines for determining electrical loads in industrial installations. M.Zh VNIIPI, Tyazhstroypromproekt, 1991.
Recommendations for calculating the resistance of the phase-zero circuit. Central Bureau of Scientific and Technical Information. M.: 1988. - 55 p.
Recommendations for the technological design of overhead power lines with a voltage of 35 kV and above. Approved by order of the Ministry of Energy of Russia on June 30, 2003, No. 284.
Recommendations for the technological design of AC substations with a higher voltage of 35-750 kV. - M.: Publishing house of NTs ENAS, 2004. - 80 p.
Collection of regulatory and methodological documents on measurements, commercial and technical accounting of electrical energy and power / Compiled by Ya.T. Zagorsky, U.K. Kurbangaliev. - M.: Publishing house of NTs ENAS, 2003. - 504 p.
Rules for the installation of overhead power lines with a voltage of 6-20 kV with protected wires (PU VLZ 6-20 kV). - M .: JSC "ROSEP"; OJSC "ORGRES", 1998.
Rules for the installation of overhead power lines with voltage up to 1 kV with self-supporting insulated wires. (PU VLI up to 1 kV).
Instructions for the design of urban electrical networks. RD 34.20.185-94.
Typical operating instructions for overhead power lines with a voltage of 0.38 kV with self-supporting insulated wires. RD 153-34.3-20.671-97.
Opoleva G.N. Schemes and substations of power supply. Directory: Proc. Benefit. - M.: FORUM: INFA-M, 2006. - 480 p.
Zhelezko Yu.S., Artemiev A.V., Savchenko O.V. Calculation, analysis and regulation of electricity losses in electrical networks: A guide for practical calculations. - M.: Publishing house of NC ENAS, 2003. - 280 p.
Kochkin V.I., Nechaev O.P. The use of static reactive power capacitors in electrical networks of power systems and enterprises. - M.: Publishing house of NTs ENAS, 2002. - 248 p.

7 Control materials for attestation of students by discipline

7.1. Theoretical questions for the test

Overhead power lines up to 1 kV with self-supporting insulated wires.
Overhead power lines 6-35 kV with protected wires
New designs of wires for overhead lines
Cable lines in RES
Power transformers in RES
RES schemes 35-220 kV.
RES schemes 10(6) kV.
RES schemes for 0.38 kV
Types of three-phase AC systems up to 1000 V.
Neutral grounding modes in networks with voltages over 1000 V.
Electrical networks with isolated neutral.
Electrical networks with a neutral earthed through an arcing reactor.
Neutral grounded through a resistor.
Calculation of the capacitance of the wires of the phases of the overhead line.
Alignment of the capacitances of the phases of the electrical network.
Choice of arc extinguishing reactors.
Reactive power in electrical networks.
Reactive power consumers.
Calculations of consumer reactive power consumption
Condenser units
Static thyristor compensators
Synchronous compensators
Synchronous motors k4ak reactive power sources
Selection and placement of compensating devices.
Estimation of voltage deviation and selection of voltage quality control points in RES
Calculation of voltage losses and selection of PBV taps of distribution transformers.
Electric energy balance for a network organization.
Technological consumption of electricity for its transmission through electric networks.
Calculation of electrical energy losses that do not depend on the load.
Calculation of load losses of electricity.
Time of maximum loss method.
Method of average loads.
Rationing of losses of electric energy.
Non-technical losses of electrical energy.
Measures to reduce losses of electrical energy in distribution electrical networks
Consumers of electrical energy.
Load charts.
Estimated loads of industrial enterprises.
Calculation of electrical loads in urban networks.
Calculation of electrical loads of agricultural consumers.
Determination of the calculated loads of electrical networks.
Choice of sections of wires and cables of power lines 35-220 kV.
Features selection of sections of wires and cables of power transmission lines 0.38-20 kV.
Checking conductors for thermal resistance and non-ignition.
Selection of distribution transformers.

(Document)

Barybin Yu.G. et al. (ed.) Handbook on the design of electrical networks and electrical equipment (Document)

Fadeev G.A. Electrical systems and networks (Document)

Shapovalov I.F. Handbook for the calculation of electrical networks (Document)

RUM - Guidelines for the design of electrical distribution networks (Document)

RUM 2010 - Guidelines for the design of electrical distribution networks in 2010 (Document)

Korolev O.P., Radkevich V.N., Satsukevich V.N. Educational and methodical manual for course and diploma design (Document)

Barybin Yu.G. et al. (ed.) Handbook on the design of electrical networks and electrical equipment (Document)

n1.doc

DESIGN GUIDE

ELECTRIC NETWORKS
Edited by D. L. FAIBISOVICH

"Publishing House NC ENAS"

2006

FOREWORD

ISBN 5-93196-S42-4

Handbook on the design of electrical networks / Edited by D. L. Faibisovich. - M.: Publishing House of NC ENAS 2006 -320 p. ill.

ISBN 5-93196-542-4

The reference book is intended for engineers involved in the design and operation of energy systems and electrical networks, as well as students of energy universities.

UDC 621.311.001.63(035) BBK 31.279

Foreword…………………………………………………………………...	6
Section 1 DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY SYSTEMS AND ELECTRIC NETWORKS. OBJECTIVES OF THEIR DESIGN……………………………….	8
1.1. Development of Russian energy systems………………………………………...	8
1.2. Basic information about the development of electrical networks power systems………………………………………………………………...	15
1.3. Brief description of the development of electrical networks abroad…………………………………………………………………...	23
1.4. Organization of the design of electrical networks………………….	30
1.5. Content of electric grid development projects……………….	31
Section 2 ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION AND ELECTRIC LOADS …………………………………………………………………...	34
2.1. Analysis of power consumption dynamics	34
2.2. Methods for calculating power consumption and electrical loads …..	35
2.3. Electrical loads and electricity consumption in industry, transport and agricultural production ………………………………………………………………….
2.4. Electrical loads and electricity consumption for household needs and in the service sector ……………..	49
2.5. Electricity consumption for own needs of power plants and substations ………………………………………………………………..	54
2.6. Electricity consumption for its transport ……………………………...	56
2.7. Estimated electrical loads of substations …………………….	58
2.8. Determination of the need for electrical energy and capacity of district and integrated energy systems	60
Section 3 AIR AND CABLE LINES ………………………………….. 3.1. Air lines ……………………………………………………...	64
	64
3.1.1. General information…………………………………………………...	64
3.1.2. The choice of cross-section of wires VL …………………………………….	74
3.1.3. Technical indicators of individual overhead lines ………………………...	79
3.2. cable lines …………………………………………………...	83
3.2.1. Main types and brands of cables ………………………………..	83
3.2.2. Conditions for laying cable lines …………………………..	88
3.2.3. Section selection. Cable current loads …………………….	94
Section 4 POWER NETWORK DIAGRAM …………….	107
4.1. Rated voltages of the electrical network ……………………..	107
4.2. The principles of constructing an electrical network diagram…………………	109
4.3. Schemes for issuing power and connecting to the network power plants ……………………………………………………………..	116
4.4. Schemes for connecting to the network of step-down substations …………...	122
4.5. External power supply schemes for industrial enterprises ………………………………………………………………...	133
4.6. External power supply schemes for electrified railways ……………………………………………………………..	141
4.7. Schemes of external power supply of main oil and gas pipelines ……………………………………………	145
4.8. Schemes of electrical networks of cities …………………………………	147
4.9. Power supply schemes for consumers in rural areas	157
4.10. Technical re-equipment and renewal of fixed assets of electric networks ………………………………………………………….	161
4.11. Environmental issues in the design of the development of electrical networks……………………………………………………………………………	165
4.12. Calculations of modes of electrical networks………………………………	168
Section 5 BASIC ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT…………….	174
5.1. Generators ……………………………………………………………..	174
5.1.1. Turbo and hydro generators………………………………………..	174
5.1.2. Gas turbine power plants. Combined-cycle plants ……..	183
5.1.3. Wind power plants (WPP)……………………	185
5.1.4. Geothermal power plants (GeoTPP)………………………	186
5.1.5. The energy of the sea tides
5.1.6. Solar power plants (SES
5.2. Substations
5.2.1. General technical requirements
5.2.2. The main electrical equipment of 330 kV substations
and higher
5.2.3. Main wiring diagram
5.2.4. Auxiliary circuit, operational current,
cable network
5.2.5. APCS, ASKUE, relay protection and automation systems, PA and communications
5.2.6. Construction part of the substation
5.2.7. Repair, maintenance and operational service
5.2.8. Regulatory and methodological support
5.3. Transformers and autotransformers
5.3.1. Basic definitions and notation
5.3.2. Schemes and groups for connecting transformer windings
5.3.3. Parallel operation of transformers
5.3.4. Split winding transformers
5.3.5. Voltage regulation of transformers
5.3.6. Load capacity of transformers
5.3.7. Technical data of transformers
5.4. Switching equipment
5.5. Compensating devices
5.6. Electric motors
5.7. Complete transformer substations
5.8. Technical indicators of individual substations
Section 6 TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC CALCULATIONS WHEN DESIGNING ELECTRIC NETWORKS
6.1. General provisions
6.2. Comparative efficiency of options for the development of electric networks
6.3. The system of criteria for the economic efficiency of investments
6.4. Conditions for comparability of options
6.5. Accounting for the power supply reliability factor
6.5.1. Key Reliability Indicators
6.5.2. Calculation of electrical reliability indicators
6.6. Estimation of national economic damage from power failure
Section 7 ENHANCED INDICATORS OF THE COST OF ELECTRIC NETWORKS
7.1. a common part
7.2. Air lines
7.3. cable lines
7.4. Substations
7.5. Separate data on the cost of power grid facilities
and their elements in foreign power systems
LIST OF ACCEPTED ABBREVIATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Foreword

In the USSR, this role was successfully performed by the "Handbook for the Design of Electric Power Systems" edited by S.S. Rokotyan and I.M. Shapiro, withstood 3 editions (1971, 1977 and 1985 vols.). The success of the book (the 3rd edition of 30,000 copies sold very quickly) prompted the authors to prepare the 4th edition in 1990. However, for reasons of an external nature, this edition was not published.

The authors sought to provide in a concise form the necessary information on the development of modern electrical networks, fundamental methodological design issues, cost indicators of electrical network elements, as well as the latest data on domestic equipment and materials used in electric power systems.

The reference book takes into account the recent changes in the organization of design, new regulations, the latest scientific and engineering developments. During the work on the book, there was a transition to new estimated norms and prices in construction, new regulatory and methodological materials were developed on a number of important issues in the design of electrical networks. Despite the fact that some developments were still under consideration and approval, the authors considered it appropriate to reflect them in this edition of the handbook.

Section 1

DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY SYSTEMS AND ELECTRIC NETWORKS. OBJECTIVES OF THEIR DESIGN

1.1. DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY SYSTEMS IN RUSSIA

The principles of centralization of electricity generation and concentration of generating capacities at large regional power plants ensured high reliability and efficiency of the country's energy economy. During all the years of construction, the electric power industry outpaced the growth rates of gross industrial output. This fundamental provision continued to serve as the general direction for the development of the electric power industry in subsequent years, after the completion of the GOELRO plan, and was laid down in subsequent plans for the development of the national economy. In 1935 (the deadline for the implementation of the GOELRO plan), its quantitative indicators for the development of the main industries and the electric power industry were significantly overfulfilled. Thus, the gross output of individual branches of industry increased by 205-228% compared to 1913, against 180-200% planned by the GOELRO plan. Especially significant was the overfulfillment of the plan for the development of the electric power industry. Instead of the planned construction of 30 power plants, 40 were built. Already in 1935, the USSR surpassed such economically developed countries as England, France, Italy in the production of electricity and took third place in the world after the USA and Germany.

The dynamics of the development of the electric power base of the USSR, and since 1991 - Russia, is characterized by the data of Table. 1.1 iris. 1.1

The development of the country's electric power industry in the 1930s was characterized by the beginning of the formation of energy systems. Our country stretches from east to west for eleven time zones. Accordingly, in some regions, the need for electricity and the operating modes of power plants are changing. It is more efficient to use their power, "pumping" it to where it is needed at the moment. Reliability and stability of electricity supply can be ensured only if there are interconnections between power plants, i.e., when energy systems are combined.

Table 1.1

Development of the country's electric power base

Indicators

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2001

2002

2003

1. Installed

electric power

stations, min

kW, including:

thermal

hydraulic

2,87

11,12

19,61

66,72

166,1

266,7

203,3

212,8

214,8

214,9

216,4

2. Working out

electricity,

billion kWh, including

including: on the electric

stations:

Teplovy

hydraulic

8,35

43,3

91.2

292,3

740,9

1293.9

1082,1

877,8

891,3

916,2

Note. Data for 1930–1980 refer to the USSR, data for 1990-2003 refer to the Russian Federation

By 1935, six energy systems operated in the USSR with an annual electricity generation of over 1 billion kWh each, including Moscow - about 4 billion kWh, Leningrad, Donetsk and Dnieper - more than 2 billion kWh. The first power systems were created on the basis of power transmission lines with a voltage of 110 kV, and in the Dnieper energy system with a voltage of 154 kV, which was adopted to supply power to the Dnieper hydroelectric power station.

The next stage in the development of power systems, characterized by an increase in the transmitted power and the connection of electrical networks of adjacent power systems, is associated with the development of power transmission of the 220 kV class. In 1940, an intersystem line 220 kV Donbass - Dnepr was built to connect the two largest energy systems in the South of the country.

The normal development of the national economy of the country and its electric power base was interrupted by the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. The energy systems of Ukraine, the North-West, the Baltic States and a number of central regions of the European part of the country ended up on the territory of a number of temporarily occupied regions. As a result of hostilities, the production of electricity in the country fell in 1942 to 29 billion kWh, which was significantly inferior to the pre-war year. During the war years, more than 60 large power plants with a total installed capacity of 5.8 million kW were destroyed, which threw the country back to the level corresponding to 1934 by the end of the war.

Rice. 1.1. The length of overhead lines 110 kV and above (a) and the installed capacity of transformers 110 kV and above (b)

At the end of the war, and especially immediately after it, work began on the restoration and rapid development of the country's electric power economy. Thus, from 1945 to 1958, the installed capacity of power plants increased by 42 million kW, or 4.8 times. Electricity production has grown over the years by 5.4 times, and the average annual growth rate of electricity production was 14%. This made it possible already in 1947 to reach the first place in Europe in the production of electrical energy and the second in the world.

In the early 1950s, the construction of a cascade of hydroelectric facilities on the Volga began. Power transmission lines with a voltage of 500 kV stretched from them for a thousand or more kilometers to the industrial regions of the Center and the Urals. Along with the output of power from the two largest Volzhsky HPPs, this provided the possibility of parallel operation of the power systems of the Center, the Middle and Lower Volga and the Urals. Thus, the first stage of the creation of the Unified Energy System (UES) of the country was completed. This period of development of the electric power industry, first of all, was associated with the process of “electrification in breadth”, in which the need to cover the inhabited territory of the country with centralized networks of other power supply in a short time and with limited capital investments came to the fore.

In 1970, the Unified Energy System (IPS) of Transcaucasia was attached to the Unified Energy System of the European part of the country, and in 1972, the IPS of Kazakhstan and certain regions of Western Siberia.

Electricity production in 1975 in the country reached 1038.6 billion kWh and increased by 1.4 times compared to 1970, which ensured high rates of development in all sectors of the national economy. An important stage in the development of the UES was the connection to it of the energy systems of Siberia by putting into operation in 1977 the transit of 500 kV Ural - Kazakhstan - Siberia, which helped to cover the shortage of electricity in Siberia in dry years, and, on the other hand, the use of free capacities in the UES Siberian hydroelectric power stations. All this ensured a faster growth in the production and consumption of electricity in the eastern regions of the country to ensure the development of energy-intensive industries of territorial industrial complexes, such as Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayano-Shushensky, etc. In 1960–1980, electricity generation in the eastern regions increased by almost 6 times, while in the European part of the country, including the Urals, by 4.1 times. With the accession of the energy systems of Siberia to the UES, the operation of the largest power plants and the main backbone transmission lines began to be controlled from a single point. From the Central Dispatch Control Panel (CDU) of the UES in Moscow, using an extensive network of dispatch communication, automation and telemechanics, the dispatcher can transfer power flows between power interconnections in a matter of minutes. This makes it possible to reduce installed standby capacities.

A new stage in the development of the electric power industry (the so-called "electrification in depth"), associated with the need to meet the ever-increasing demand for electricity, required the further development of trunk and distribution networks and the development of new, higher levels of rated voltages and was aimed at improving the reliability of power supply to existing and newly connected consumers. This required the improvement of electrical network schemes, the replacement of physically worn out and obsolete equipment, building structures and structures.

By 1990, the country's electric power industry was further developed. The capacities of individual power plants have reached about 5 million kWh. kW. Surgutskaya GRES - 4.8 million kW, Kursk, Balakovo and Leningradskaya NPP - 4.0 million kW, Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP - 6.4 million kW had the highest installed capacity.

The development of the electric power industry continued to advance at a faster pace. Thus, since 1955, the production of electricity in the USSR has grown more than 10 times, while the national income generated has increased 6.2 times. The installed capacity of power plants increased from 37.2 million kW in 1955 to 344 million kW in 1990. 220 kV and above - from 5.7 thousand to 143 thousand km. A significant achievement in the development of the electric power industry was the unification and organization of parallel operation of the power systems of the CMEA member countries, the total installed capacity of power plants of which exceeded 400 million kW, and the electric network covered the territory from Berlin to Ulaanbaatar.

For a long period of time, the electric power industry of the former USSR developed as a single national economic complex, and the UES of the country, which is part of it, provided inter-republican power and electricity flows. Until 1991, the UES functioned as a state all-union centralized structure. The formation of independent states on the territory of the USSR led to a fundamental change in the structure of management and development of the electric power industry.

For these purposes, the CIS member states concluded on February 14, 1992 an agreement "On the coordination of interstate relations in the field of electric power industry of the Commonwealth of Independent States", in accordance with which the CIS Electric Power Council and its permanent body, the Executive Committee, were created. The CIS Electric Power Council adopted a number of important decisions that contribute to the stabilization of the electric power industry of the Commonwealth states. However, the predominance of disintegration processes in the economy of the CIS countries as a whole, the violation of the principles established in the EEC for coordinating the management of production and distribution of electricity, the lack of effective mechanisms for joint work, the inability of individual energy systems to maintain the frequency in the required ranges, led to the termination of parallel operation between most energy systems, i.e. That is, in fact, to the collapse of the UES of the former USSR and, accordingly, to the loss of all the advantages that it provided.

The main changes in the Russian electric power industry in recent years have been associated with the corporatization of electric power facilities, which resulted in the formation of the Russian Joint-Stock Company for Energy and Electrification (RAO) "UES of Russia" at the federal level, joint-stock companies - AO-Energo at the regional level, and the creation of a federal wholesale electricity and power market.

Despite the difficult economic conditions in the country, the electric power industry of Russia continued to generally meet the needs of the economy and the population in heat and electricity.

In the UES of Russia, there were no major systemic accidents with the repayment of a large number of consumers. (Only in 2003 did such accidents take place in the power systems of the USA, Italy, Great Britain and Scandinavia.)

The construction of new energy facilities continued - power plants and electrical networks, primarily in energy-deficient regions of Russia and in regions whose energy supply after the division of the USSR turned out to be dependent on other states.

The installed capacity of Russian power plants increased slightly: from 213.3 million kW in 1990 to 214.1 million kW in 1998. At the same time, electricity generation over these years fell by more than 23%: from 1082.1 billion kWh in 1990 to 827 billion kWh in 1998. The fall in electricity production from 1990 to 1998 was much smaller than the fall in gross domestic product (GDP) (more than 40%) and industrial production (more than than 50%), which led to a significant increase in the energy intensity of the national economy. In 1999, electricity production in Russia increased for the first time since 1990 and amounted to 847 billion kWh.

In the years after the collapse of the USSR, the economic performance of the industry deteriorated - the specific consumption of standard fuel per delivered kilowatt-hour, the loss of electricity for its transport, the specific number of personnel increased, the quality of electricity and the reliability of power supply to consumers decreased, as well as the efficiency of the use of capital investments.

The main reasons for the decrease in the economic efficiency of the industry were the problem of consumer non-payments for the received electricity, the imperfection of the existing mechanisms for managing electric power enterprises in the new conditions, as well as the unsettled relations between the CIS countries in the field of electric power. Although the conditions for competition in the electric power industry of Russia have been created (due to corporatization and the formation of the federal wholesale electricity and capacity market, which has more than 100 owners of electric power facilities), the rules for the effective joint work of various owners, ensuring minimization of costs for the production, transportation and distribution of electric energy within the framework of UES of Russia have not been developed.

The UES of Russia covers the entire inhabited territory of the country from the western borders to the Far East and is the world's largest centrally controlled energy interconnection. As part of the UES of Russia, there are seven IPSs - the North-West, the Center, the Middle Volga, the Urals, the North Caucasus, Siberia and the Far East. At present (2004), the first five IPSs are operating in parallel. General information about the structure of the IPS of Russia is given in Table. 1.2. The energy system of the Kaliningrad region of Yantarenergo is separated from Russia by the territory of the Baltic states.

On the territory of Russia, isolated power systems of Yakutia, Magadan, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, the regions of Norilsk and Kolta operate.

In general, energy supply to consumers in Russia is provided by 74 territorial energy systems.

Table 1.2

General information about the structure of energy associations in Russia (2002)

United Energy Systems (IPS)	Power systems	Number of power systems	Installed capacity of power plants
			GW	%
Northwest	Arkhangelsk, Karelian, Kola, Komi, Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, Yantarenergo	8	20,0	9,6
Center	Astrakhan, Belgorod, Bryansk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Nizhny Novgorod, Ivanovo, Tver, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kursk, Lipetsk, Moscow, Orel, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tambov, Tula, Yaroslavl	21	52,4	25,3
Middle Volga	Mari, Mordovian, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Tatar, Ulyanovsk, Chuvash	8	23,8	11,5
Ural	Bashkir, Kirov, Kurgan, Orenburg, Perm, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Udmurt, Chelyabinsk	9	41,2	19,9
North Caucasus	Dagestan, Kalmyk, Karachay-Cherkess, Kabardino-Balkarian, Kuban, Rostov, Se and er o-Ossetian, Stavropol, Chechen, Ingush	10	11,5	5,5
Siberia	Altai, Buryat, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kuzbass, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Khakass, Chita	10	45,1	21,7
East	Amur, Dalenergo, Khabarovsk	3	7,1	3,4
Total for IPS:	UES of Russia	69	201,1	96,9
Other power systems, other power plants	Kamchatka, Magadan, Norilsk, Sakhalin, Yakutsk	5	6,4	3,1
Total for the country:		74	207,5	100,0

In parallel with the UES of Russia, the energy systems of the Baltic countries, Belarus, Transcaucasia and certain regions of Ukraine operate. In parallel, but not synchronously with the UES (through a DC link), the power system of Finland, which is part of the Nordic countries (NORDEL), operates. From the networks of the UES of Russia, cross-border electricity trade with Norway, Mongolia and China is also carried out, as well as the transmission of electricity to Bulgaria.

DEVELOPMENT HIGHLIGHTS

ELECTRIC NETWORKS POWER SYSTEMS

One of the most important indicators of the level of the country's power industry is the development of electrical networks - power lines and substations (SS). From power plants with a capacity of several million kilowatts, each stretched for a thousand or more kilometers to industrial centers, extra-high voltage power lines (EHV) - 500-750-1150 kV.

The total length of overhead transmission lines (OHL) with a voltage of 110 kV and higher at the beginning of 2004 in single-circuit terms was 454 thousand km throughout the country, and the installed capacity of substations was 672 million kVA, including at industry-specific substations that provide electricity traction substations of electrified sections of railways, pumping and compressor stations of oil and gas pipelines, metallurgical plants and other consumers of electricity, about 100 million kVA of transformer capacity have been installed.

The structure of the electrical network and the dynamics of its growth over the past 15 years are shown in Table. 1.3.
Table 1.3

R E N I C
DESIGN
ELECTRIC
NETWORKS

Edited by D. L. FAIBISOVICH
Edition 4th,
revised and expanded

Moscow
ENAS
2012

UDC 621.311.001.63(035)
BBK 31.279
C74

Reviewer V. V. Mogirev

A to rs: I. G. Karapetyan (clauses 3.2, 5.1, 5.3-5.8, section 6,
sec. 7), D. L. Faibisovich (sections 1–3, section 5.2, section 7), I. M. Shapiro (section 4)

Electrical Network Design Handbook /
ed. D. L. Faibisovich. - 4th ed., revised. and additional - M.:
ENAS, 2012. - 376 p. : ill.
ISBN 978-5-4248-0049-8
Provides information on the design of electrical networks of power systems, methods of technical and economic calculations, the choice
parameters and schemes of networks, data on electrical equipment, overhead and cable lines, at the cost of electrical elements
networks.

autotransformers, switching devices and other types
equipment, as well as updated cost indicators of network facilities; modern approaches to the formation of tariffs for electricity are considered.
The handbook is intended for engineers involved in the design and operation of energy systems and electrical
networks, as well as for students of energy universities.

UDC 621.311.001.63(035)
BBK 31.279

ISBN 978-5-4248-0049-8

OOO NC ENAS, 2012

Foreword

The design of electric power systems requires an integrated approach to the selection and optimization of electrical network schemes and the feasibility study of decisions that determine the composition, structure, external and internal communications, development dynamics, parameters and reliability of the system as a whole and its
individual elements.
The solution of these problems requires the use of a large volume
information dispersed in various literary sources, regulatory documents, departmental instructions,
as well as accumulated decades of domestic and foreign design experience. The concentration of such material in one
publication greatly facilitates the work of the designer.
In the USSR, this role was successfully performed by the "Handbook on the Design of Electric Power Systems" edited by S. S. Rokotyan and I. M. Shapiro, which went through 3 editions (1971, 1977
and 1985). The success of the book (3rd edition of 30,000 copies
dispersed very quickly) prompted the authors to prepare in 1990
4th edition. However, for reasons beyond their control, this edition was not published.
Over the past 20 years, significant socio-economic changes have taken place in the country. The formation of a number of independent states on the territory of the former USSR changed the composition and structure of the Unified Energy System (UES) of the country. The transition to a market economy had a profound effect on
in the power industry. Significant share of ownership in the industry
corporatized and privatized with the state retaining a controlling stake. The electricity market has been created.
Under these conditions, the authors who took part in the development
of this handbook, considered it necessary to prepare this edition, confining it to the design of electrical networks. At the same time, mainly
structure and titles of sections. The material of the previous edition has been significantly updated, and in a number of sections it has been completely revised.
The authors tried to give in a concise form the necessary
information on the development of modern electrical networks,
fundamental methodological issues of design, cost3

Bridge indicators of electrical network elements, as well as the latest data on domestic equipment and materials used in electric power systems.
This edition takes into account the latest changes in the structure
Russian energy industry and the requirements of new regulatory documents; new technical data on cable lines are given,
autotransformers, switching devices and other types of equipment, as well as updated cost indicators
network facilities; considered modern approaches
to the formation of tariffs for electricity.
The authors are grateful to L. Ya. Rudyk and R. M. Frishberg for useful suggestions.
The authors thank the reviewer, Ph.D. V. V. Mogirev for valuable
comments he made while reviewing the manuscript.

Section 1
DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY SYSTEMS
AND ELECTRIC NETWORKS. TASKS
THEIR DESIGN

1.1. DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY SYSTEMS IN RUSSIA
The beginning of the development of the electric power industry in Russia is associated with the development and implementation of the GOELRO plan (State Commission
on the electrification of Russia). The power engineers of our country are the first
in the world gained experience in broad state planning
an entire industry, so important and defining,
like the power industry. It is known that the GOELRO plan began
long-term planning of the development of the national economy on a national scale, the first five-year plans began.
The principles of centralization of electricity generation and concentration of generating capacities at large regional power plants ensured high reliability and efficiency of the country's energy economy. All years of construction
electric power industry outpaced the growth rate of gross industrial
products. This is a fundamental position and in subsequent
years, after the completion of the GOELRO plan, continued to serve as the general direction for the development of the electric power industry and was laid down in subsequent plans for the development of the national economy. In 1935
(the deadline for the implementation of the GOELRO plan) its quantitative
indicators for the development of the main industries
and the electric power industry were significantly overfulfilled. Thus, the gross output of individual industries grew
compared with 1913 by 205-228% against 180-200% planned
GOELRO plan. Particularly significant was the overfulfillment
plan for the development of the electric power industry. Instead of what was planned
construction of 30 power plants, 40 were built. Already in 1935
in the production of electricity, the USSR overtook such economically developed countries as England, France, Italy, and took the third
place in the world after the USA and Germany.
The dynamics of the development of the electric power base of the USSR,
and since 1991 - Russia, is characterized by the data of Table. 1.1 and fig. 1.1.
The development of the country's electric power industry in the 1930s. characterized by the beginning of the formation of energy systems. Our country stretches from east to west for eleven time zones. Reply5

278
(66,0%)

105,4
(24,9%)

302,2
(65,9%)

303,5
(65,5%)

104
(18,9%)

Million kVA (%)

119,6
(17,4%)

500 kV and above

Rice. 1.1. The length of overhead lines 110 kV and above (a) and the installed capacity of transformers 110 kV and above (b)

Thousand km (%)

T a b l e 1.1
Development of the country's electric power base
(zone of centralized power supply, including block stations)
Indicators

1. Installed
power plant capacity, mln
kW, including:
TPP
NPP
hydroelectric power station
2. Working out
electricity,
billion kWh, including
including:
TPP
NPP
hydroelectric power station

212,8 208,977 209,921 212,107 214,612

201,0
12,5
52,3

139,7
20,2
43,4

147,2 140,884 141,652 143,105
21,3 23,242 23,242 23,242
44,3 44,851 46,067 46,801

145,35
23,242
47,06

1293,9 1082,1 877,8 928,481 933,097 982,715 1006,78
1037,1 797,0
72,9 118,3
183,9 166,8

583,4 610,577 621,112 605,994 644,47
129,0 147,995 157,064 158,135 162,291
165,4 169,908 154,921 167,971 215,652

Note. Data for 1980 refer to the USSR and for subsequent years refer to the Russian Federation.

As a result, in some regions, the need for electricity and the operating modes of power plants are changing. More efficient use of their power, "pumping" it to where it is needed
At the moment. Reliability and stability of electricity supply can be ensured only if there are interconnections between power plants, i.e., when energy systems are combined.
By 1935, there were six energy systems operating in the USSR with an annual electricity generation of over 1 billion kWh each, including
Moscow - about 4 billion kWh, Leningrad, Donetsk and Dnieper - more than 2 billion kWh each. The first power systems were
created on the basis of power lines with a voltage of 110 kV,
and in the Dnieper energy system - with a voltage of 154 kV, which
was adopted for the issuance of power to the Dnieper hydroelectric power station.
The next stage in the development of power systems, characterized by an increase in the transmitted power and the connection of electrical networks of adjacent power systems, is associated with the development of power transmission
class 220 kV. In 1940, to connect the two largest energy systems
In the south of the country, an intersystem line 220 kV Donbass was built -
Dnieper.
The normal development of the national economy of the country and its electric power base was interrupted by the Great Patriotic War.
war 1941-1945 The energy systems of Ukraine, the North-West,
7

the Baltic States and a number of central regions of the European part of the country. As a result of hostilities, electricity generation
in the country fell in 1942 to 29 billion kWh, which was significantly inferior
pre-war year. During the war years, more than 60 large power plants with a total installed capacity of 5.8 million kW were destroyed,
which threw the country by the end of the war to a level corresponding to
1934
During the war, the first Joint Dispatching Office (ODD) was organized. It was created in the Urals in 1942.
to coordinate the work of three district energy departments: Sverdlovenergo, Permenergo and Chelyabenergo. These power systems operated in parallel on 220 kV lines.
At the end of the war, and especially immediately after it, there were
work has been launched to restore and rapidly develop the country's electric power economy. Thus, from 1945 to 1958, the installed capacity of power plants increased by 42 million kW, or
4.8 times. Electricity production has grown over the years by 5.4
times, and the average annual growth rate of electricity production
amounted to 14%. This made it possible already in 1947 to go into production
electricity to the first place in Europe and the second - in the world.
In the early 1950s construction of a cascade of hydroelectric facilities on the Volga began. From them stretched for a thousand or more kilometers
to the industrial regions of the Center and the Urals power lines
voltage 500 kV. Along with the output of the two largest
Volga HPPs, this provided the possibility of parallel operation
energy systems of the Center, the Middle and Lower Volga and the Urals. So was
completed the first stage of the creation of the Unified Energy System
(EEC) countries. This period of development of the electric power industry before
was associated with the process of “electrification in breadth”, in which the need to cover the inhabited territory of the country with centralized power supply networks came to the fore
in a short time and with limited investment.
In 1970 to the Unified Energy System of the European part of the country
the Unified Energy System (IPS) of Transcaucasia was attached, and in 1972 - the IPS of Kazakhstan and certain regions of Western Siberia.
Electricity production in 1975 in the country reached
1038.6 billion kWh and increased by 1.4 times compared to 1970,
which ensured high rates of development of all branches of the national
economy. An important stage in the development of the EEC was the accession
to it the energy systems of Siberia by putting into operation in 1977 transit
500 kV Ural - Kazakhstan - Siberia, which contributed to the coverage
shortage of electricity in Siberia in dry years, and,
on the other hand, the use of free capacities in the UES

Birskie HPPs. All this ensured a faster growth in production.
and electricity consumption in the eastern regions of the country
to ensure the development of energy-intensive industries of territorial industrial complexes, such as Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayano-Shushensky, etc. For 1960-1980. electricity production in the eastern regions increased by almost 6
times, while in the European part of the country, including the Urals, - 4.1
times. With the accession of the energy systems of Siberia to the UES, the operation of the largest power plants and the main backbone transmission lines began to be controlled from a single point. From the Central Dispatching Control Panel (CDU) of the UES in Moscow
With the help of an extensive network of dispatching communications, automation and telemechanics, the dispatcher can transfer power flows between power interconnections in a matter of minutes. This
provides the possibility of reducing the installed reserve
capacities.
A new stage in the development of the electric power industry (the so-called "electrification in depth"), associated with the need to ensure
the ever-increasing demand for electricity, required the further development of trunk and distribution networks and the development of new, higher levels of rated voltage
and was aimed at improving the reliability of power supply to existing and newly connected consumers. This required the improvement of electrical network schemes, the replacement of physically worn out and obsolete equipment, building structures and structures.
By 1990, the country's electric power industry was further developed. The capacity of individual power plants reached about 5 million
kW. The largest installed capacity was in the Surgut
GRES - 4.8 million kW, Kursk, Balakovo and Leningrad NPPs -
4.0 million kW, Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP - 6.4 million kW.
The development of the electric power industry continued to go ahead
pace. Thus, since 1955, the production of electricity in the USSR has grown more than 10 times, while the national output
income increased by 6.2 times. The installed capacity of power plants increased from 37.2 million kW in 1955 to 344 million kW in 1990.
The length of electrical networks with a voltage of 35 kV and above
during this period increased from 51.5 to 1025 thousand km, including voltage of 220 kV and above - from 5.7 thousand to 143 thousand km. A significant achievement in the development of the electric power industry was the unification and organization of parallel operation of the power systems of the CMEA member countries,
the total installed capacity of power plants of which exceeded 400 million kW, and the electrical network covered the territory from Berlin to Ulaanbaatar.
9

The electric power industry of the former USSR for a long period of time developed as a single national economic complex, and the country's UES, which is part of it, provided inter-republican power and electricity flows. Before 1991 EEC
functioned as a state all-union centralized structure. Education on the territory of the USSR independent
states led to a fundamental change in the structure of governance
and development of the electric power industry.
Changing political and economic conditions in the country
already at this time began to have a serious negative impact
on the development and operation of the electric power industry. First
in the post-war years in 1991, the installed capacity of power plants decreased, and the generation and consumption of electricity decreased. The indicators of the quality of electrical energy have deteriorated. Losses of electricity in electric networks increased, specific fuel consumption for the production of electricity and heat
energy. The number of restrictions and disconnections of consumers has increased, the supply of electricity to countries has significantly decreased
Of Eastern Europe.
Formation of independent states on the territory of the former USSR and division of electric power property between them
led to a radical change in the management structure of the electrical
energy. These states created their own management bodies and independent business entities in the electric power industry. The destruction of the centralized control system for such a complex single technological object as
was the electric power industry of the USSR, set the task of creating a system of coordinated management and planning as soon as possible
development of the electric power industry of the Commonwealth states.
For these purposes, the CIS member states concluded on February 14
1992 agreement "On the coordination of interstate relations in the field of electric power industry of the Commonwealth of Independent States", in accordance with which the Electric Power Council of the CIS and its permanent body - the Executive Committee were created. The CIS Electric Power Council adopted
a number of important decisions contributing to the stabilization of the electric power industry of the Commonwealth states. However, the predominance of disintegration processes in the economy of the CIS countries as a whole,
established in the UES principles of coordinating the management of production and distribution of electricity, the lack of effective mechanisms for joint work, the inability of individual
power systems to ensure that the frequency is maintained within the required ranges led to the termination of parallel operation between most power systems, i.e., in fact, to the collapse of the UES of the former
10

USSR and, accordingly, to the loss of all the advantages that it
provided.
The main changes in the electric power industry of Russia in subsequent years are associated with the corporatization of electric power facilities, as a result of which

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Under the editorship of dl Faibisovich. Faibisovich - a guide to the design of electrical networks. The objectives of the discipline

WORKING PROGRAM OF THE DISCIPLINE

Distribution electrical networks

External Requirements

2 Features (principles) of building a discipline

3 Objectives of the academic discipline

Learning activities

Task for control work

6 References

7 Control materials for attestation of students by discipline

n1.doc

Section 1

1.1. DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY SYSTEMS IN RUSSIA

ELECTRIC NETWORKS POWER SYSTEMS