Alexander bell short biography. Alexander Graham Bell, who "accidentally" invented the telephone Alexander Bell inventions
The telephone was created in a period that was considered the era of the telegraph. This device was in demand everywhere and was considered the most advanced means of communication. The ability to transmit sound over distances has become a real sensation. In this article, we recall who invented the first telephone, in what year it happened, and how it was created.
Breakthrough in the field of communication development
The invention of electricity was an important milestone in the development of telephony. It was this discovery that made it possible to transmit information over distances. In 1837, after Morse presented his telegraph alphabet and broadcasting apparatus to the general public, the electronic telegraph began to be used everywhere. However, at the end of the 19th century, it was replaced by a more advanced device.
What year was the telephone invented?
The telephone owes its appearance, first of all, to the German scientist Philip Rice. It was this man who was able to construct a device that allows you to transfer a person's voice over long distances using galvanic current. This event took place in 1861, but there were still 15 years left before the creation of the first telephone.
Alexander Graham Bell is considered the creator of the telephone, and the year of the invention of the telephone is 1876. It was then that the Scottish scientist presented his first device at the World Exhibition, and also applied for a patent for the invention. Bell's phone worked at a distance of no more than 200 meters and had strong sound distortion, but a year later the scientist improved the device so much that it was used unchanged for the next hundred years.
The history of the invention of the telephone
The discovery of Alexander Bell was made by chance in the process of experiments to improve the telegraph. The goal of the scientist was to obtain a device that allows you to simultaneously transmit more than 5 telegrams. To do this, he created several pairs of records tuned to different frequencies. During the next experiment, a small accident occurred, as a result of which one of the plates got stuck. The scientist's partner, seeing what happened, began to swear. At this time, Bell himself was working on a receiving device. At some point, he heard faint sounds of disturbance from the transmitter. Thus begins the history of the invention of the telephone.
After Bell demonstrated his device, many scientists began to work in the field of telephony. Thousands of patents were issued for inventions to improve the first apparatus. Among the most significant discoveries are:
- the invention of the call - the device created by A. Bell did not have a call, and the subscriber was notified using a whistle. In 1878
T. Watson made the first call for a telephone; - the creation of a microphone - in 1878, a carbon microphone was designed by the Russian engineer M. Makhalsky;
- creation of an automatic station - the first station for 10,000 numbers was developed in 1894 by S.M. Apostolov.
The patent received by Bell became one of the most profitable not only in the United States, but also in the world. The scientist became extremely rich and world famous. However, in fact, Alexander Bell was not the first person to create the telephone, and in 2002 the US Congress recognized this.
Antonio Meucci: pioneer of the telephone
An inventor and scientist from Italy in 1860 created an apparatus capable of transmitting sound over wires. When answering the question of what year the telephone was invented, you can safely name this date, since the true discoverer is Antonio Meucci. He called his "brainchild" a telephotophone. At the time of his discovery, the scientist lived in the United States of America, he was already aged and was in a very deplorable financial situation. Soon, a large American company, Western Union, became interested in the development of an unknown scientist.
Representatives of the company offered the scientist a substantial amount for all the drawings and developments, and also promised to assist in obtaining a patent. The difficult financial situation forced the talented inventor to sell all the material of his research. The scientist had been waiting for help from the company for a long time, however, having lost his patience, he himself applied for a patent. His request was not granted, and the real blow for him was the message about the great invention of Alexander Bell.
Meucci tried to defend his rights in court, but he did not have enough funds to fight a large company. The Italian inventor managed to sue the right to a patent only in 1887, by the time it expired. Meucci was never able to use the rights to his invention and died in obscurity and poverty. Recognition for the Italian inventor came only in 2002. By resolution of the US Congress, it was he who invented the telephone.
1847
spring 1870 1871
↓Alexander Graham Bell was born in Edinburgh on March 3 1847 years, in a family of philologists. His father, Melville Bell, came up with the "Visible Speech" system, in which the sounds of speech were indicated by written symbols; using this system, people could pronounce words correctly even in an unfamiliar language.
Alexander grew up in an atmosphere of music and recitation, where special attention was paid to the sounds of the human voice. At the age of 14, he moved to London to live with his grandfather, under whose guidance he studied literature and oratory. And three years later he began an independent life, teaching music and oratory at the Weston House Academy. Having thoroughly studied the acoustics and physics of human speech for nine years, Bell became an assistant to his father, a professor at the University of London.
spring 1870 Bell fell ill, and the doctors advised him to change the climate. The family moved to Canada, and in 1871 In the year he lived in Boston, North America, teaching at a school for the deaf and dumb using the visible speech system.
At that time, the Western Union company was looking for a way to simultaneously transmit several telegrams over one pair of wires in order to get rid of the need for laying additional telegraph lines. The company announced a large cash prize to an inventor who would come up with a similar method.
Bell began to work on this problem, using his knowledge of the laws of acoustics. He planned to install several tuning forks at the transmitting point, each of which would create a current in the common line, pulsating at a strictly defined frequency. At the receiving point, these pulsations should also have been perceived by tuning forks tuned to the appropriate frequency. So Bell was going to transmit seven telegrams at the same time, according to the number of musical notes - a tribute to the music he had loved since childhood.
In the work on the "musical telegraph" Bell was assisted by a young resident of Boston, Thomas Watson (Watson).
Bell's horizons were unusually broad, which was recognized by his contemporaries; versatile education was combined in him with a liveliness of imagination, and this allowed him to easily combine in his experiments such different areas of science and art - acoustics, music, electrical engineering and mechanics.
Since, nevertheless, Bell was not an electrician, he consulted another famous Bostonian, scientist D. Henry, whose name is the unit of inductance. After inspecting the first telegraph model in Bell's laboratory, Henry exclaimed: "Do not, under any circumstances, give up what you have started!"
Without leaving work on the "musical telegraph", Bell at the same time began to build a certain apparatus, through which he hoped to make the sounds of speech immediately and directly visible to the deaf-mutes, without any written notation. To do this, he worked for almost a year at the Massachusetts Otolaryngological Hospital, setting up various experiments to study human hearing. The main part of the apparatus was to be a membrane; a needle attached to the latter recorded on the surface of a rotating drum curves corresponding to various sounds, syllables and words. Reflecting on the action of the membrane, Bell came up with the idea of another device, with the help of which, as he wrote, "it will become possible to transmit various sounds, if only it will be possible to cause fluctuations in the intensity of the electric current corresponding to those fluctuations in the density of the air that this sound produces." Bell gave the sonorous name "telephone" to this device, which does not yet exist. Thus, work on the particular task of helping the deaf and dumb led to the idea of creating a device that turned out to be necessary for all mankind and undoubtedly influenced the further course of its development.
Working on the "musical telegraph", Bell and Watson worked in different rooms, where the transmitting and receiving devices were installed. The tuning forks were steel plates of different lengths, rigidly fixed at one end and closing the electrical circuit at the other.
Once Watson had to release the end of the record, which was stuck in the contact gap and in the process touched other records. Those, naturally, rattled. The stuck plate acted like a primitive diaphragm. In all of Bell and Watson's previous experiments, the free end simply closed and opened the electrical circuit. Now, the sound vibrations of the plate induced electromagnetic oscillations in a magnet located next to the plate. This was the difference between the telephone and all other pre-existing telegraph devices.
The operation of the telephone requires a continuous electric current, the strength of which would vary in exact accordance with the vibrations of sound waves in the air.
The invention of the telephone occurred at the time of the highest flowering of the electric telegraph and was completely unexpected.
AT 1876 Alexander Bell demonstrated his apparatus at the Philadelphia World's Fair. Within the walls of the exhibition pavilion, for the first time, the word telephone sounded - this is how the inventor introduced his "talking telegraph". To the amazement of the jury, from the mouthpiece of this contraption, the Prince of Denmark's monologue "To be or not to be?" was heard, performed at the same time, but in a different room, by the inventor himself, Mr. Bell.
Bell's invention became a sensation at the Philadelphia Exposition. And this is despite the fact that the first telephone set worked with monstrous sound distortions, it was possible to talk with it no further than 250 meters, because it operated even without batteries, by the force of electromagnetic induction alone, its receiving and transmitting devices were equally primitive.
Having organized the Bell Telephone Society, the inventor began hard work to improve his brainchild, and a year later he patented a new membrane and armature for the telephone. Then I used Yuza's carbon microphone and battery power to increase the transmission distance. In this form, the phone has successfully existed for more than a hundred years.
June 11th 1877 Alexander Bell and Mabel Hubbard were married in the house of the bride's parents, and the young couple sailed to England.
This trip played a huge role in the history of the phone. In England, Bell successfully continued the demonstrations, which attracted a large number of the public. Finally, a "delightful telephone performance" was given to the queen herself and the royal family. Titled persons sang, recited and talked to each other over the wires, interrupting themselves with questions about whether they could be heard well. The queen was pleased.
The newspapers were so hyped about the telephone's success in England that Western Union had to change its mind about the invention. The company's president, Orton, reasoned that if some teacher for the deaf had invented the electric telephone, experts like Edison and Gray could make a better one. And at the beginning 1879 In 1999, Western Union created the American Spiking Telephone Company, which began manufacturing telephones, ignoring Bell's patent law.
Bell's supporters, having taken loans, created the New England Telephone Company in response and rushed into battle. The result of the struggle, however, was the creation at the end 1879 years of the united Bell Company. In December of that year, the share price rose to $995. Alexander Bell became an extremely wealthy man.
Wealth was accompanied by fame and worldwide fame. France awarded him the Volta Prize, established by Napoleon, in the amount of 50 thousand francs (before Bell, this award was issued only once), and made him a Knight of the Legion of Honor. AT 1885 year he took American citizenship.
And on a rainy morning on August 4 1922 years in the US and Canada, all phones were turned off for a minute. America buried Alexander Graham Bell. 13 million telephone sets of thousands of various types and designs fell silent in honor of the great inventor.
On March 3, 1847, Alexander Bell, inventor of the telephone and founder of the American company Bell Labs, was born in Edinburgh. “When one door closes, another opens. And we often with such ...
On March 3, 1847, Alexander Bell, inventor of the telephone and founder of the American company Bell Labs, was born in Edinburgh. “When one door closes, another opens. And we often look with such greedy attention at the closed door that we do not notice the opened one at all. ”Alexander Bell.
He became interested in science in childhood, then he began experimenting with sound. After moving to Canada and then to the USA, Bell continued his research and even created an electric piano with which music could be transmitted over wires. And in 1876 he received a patent for a telephone (according to an alternative version, the inventor of the telephone is an American of Italian origin Antonio Meucci).
The invention was not perfect - it distorted the sound and it was possible to talk with it only at a distance of 250 meters. Therefore, the inventor continued to constantly improve the device. Soon, Bell, along with two partners, founded the Bell Company telephone company. His company marked the beginning of the development of telephony in the United States and the emergence of new telephone companies. Already by 1900, 1.5 million telephones were installed in the United States, and two years later - 13 million.
Alexander Bell died on August 2, 1922. To honor the memory of the inventor, telephone service in the United States was turned off for one minute.
The biography of Alexander Bell is 100% consistent with all book canons in the field of psychology, economics and business. Surprising but true! Most often, great discoveries are made in spite of everything, painfully overcoming stereotypes and the tradition of mankind towards conservatism. But the fate of the inventor of the telephone seemed to be led by someone from above, providing a fresh piece of the puzzle in a timely manner. And Alexander was clearly aware of this himself, gratefully accepting everything that life provided him.
Psychology. A family. Upbringing. Eternal values.
Alexander Graham Bell was born in the Scottish city of Edinburgh on March 3, 1847, in a family of philologists. His grandfather was the founder of the well-known school of oratory throughout the country and the author of the book Graceful Fragments. Actually, my grandfather started his career as a shoemaker. However, the craving for beauty brought him to the stage. At first he performed in the theater, then he became a reader: he recited excerpts from Shakespeare's plays. Success inspired him so much that he began to give diction lessons and opened his own school of oratory in London. Thus a family business was born, which was continued by the younger Bells.
Alexander's father became a renowned professor of rhetoric at the University of London. The future inventor grew up in an atmosphere of music and reverent attitude to the sounds of the human voice. At 14, he moved to London to live with his grandfather. And three years later, after receiving medical and philosophical education in Edinburgh and Würzburg, he had already begun an independent life, teaching music and oratory at the Weston House Academy. Having thoroughly studied the acoustics and physics of human speech, Bell became an assistant to his father, Melville Bell, who by that time was actively working on a method for developing competent diction.
Alexander Bell's mother was hard of hearing. It was she who intended all the novelties in the field of studying sounds. My father came up with the “Visual Speech” system, in which the sounds of speech were indicated by written symbols and pictures, indicating what facial expressions of the speech apparatus should be at that time - in fact, what kind of accordion the tongue and lips should form. Some transcription of words, but for people who have never heard the sound. With her help, the Bells began to teach deaf and dumb people in England to speak.
The tragedy that happened in their family: Alexander's brothers died of tuberculosis, forced them to move in 1870, first to Canada, then to America. There they continued to work with people and sound. The work in Boston went well. The younger Bell opened his own school in the city, where he taught the basics of family methodology to other teachers. And as soon as he had a steady source of income, he returned to his experiments in transmitting voice over wires, which he became interested in back in England. Bell created a small laboratory in which he experimented at night, in his spare time. Among the wards of the young teacher was Mabel Hubbard, the daughter of businessman Gardner Hubbard.
She lost her hearing at the age of four after suffering from scarlet fever. But Alexander Bell managed to teach her to speak. Subsequently, he married Mabel and they lived 45 years of a happy family life, and with her father Gardner they became close friends, moreover, Gardner was always happy to finance many of his new relative's projects. Another of Alexander Bell's patients was the five-year-old son of a leather merchant named Thomas Sanders. Subsequently, Sanders, along with Hubbard, became the people who gave money to promote the great invention.
Alexander Graham Bell is best known for inventing the first telephone. He came to the US as a teacher for the deaf and developed the idea of "electronic speech" while visiting his deaf mother in Canada. This led him to invent the microphone, and then the "electric speech apparatus" - as he called the first version of the telephone.
Who created the first telephone?
The invention of the telephone was the culmination of work done by many people and resulted in a number of lawsuits involving patent claims by several individuals and numerous companies. The first telephone was invented by Antonio Meucci, but Alexander Graham Bell is credited with developing the first practical telephone.
How was the work of Alexander Bell on the invention?
Bell asked a group of investors, one of whom was his father-in-law Gardiner Hubbard, to help improve the harmonic telegraph. The device was one of the most exciting innovations of the day, allowing multiple messages to be sent simultaneously over the wire.
But Alexander was more interested in developing a device for transmitting voice, which he would later call a telephone. After some negotiations, the investors allowed Bell to work on both technologies, with more focus on the popular harmonic telegraph.
However, in the end, the phone won. As Bell later explained, "If I could make an electric current change in intensity in the same way that air changes in density during the production of sound, I should be able to telegraph speech."
On March 7, 1876, Bell was awarded a patent for the device, and three days later he made his first successful telephone call to his assistant, electrician Thomas Watson, who heard Bell's famous words transmitted over the wire: “Watson, come here. I want to see you".
- Alexander's mother and wife were deaf, which significantly affected his activities.
- Alexander did not have the middle name "Graham". The father gave it to the young man for his eleventh birthday. Previously, he asked to be given a middle name, like his two brothers.
- The young man learned to play the piano perfectly in his youth.
- Alexander studied the human voice and worked in various educational institutions intended for deaf people.
- Bell experimented with sounds, working with the "harmonic telegraph" and "phonautograph".
- He studied and experimented with acoustic telegraphy with the electrician Thomas Watson.
- Alexander improved the look of the device, and by 1986, more than one hundred and fifty thousand people had telephones in the United States.
- The man was also interested in other scientific fields, such as medical research, the search for alternative fuel sources, experiments with metal detectors, the development of hydrofoils and much more.
What qualities helped him invent the telephone?
Alexander Graham Bell had many strong character traits. He was very optimistic, persistent and disciplined. The inventor was an optimist, because he never abandoned his inventions, even if the people around him did not see the potential in them.
Alexander Graham Bell is an American physicist and physiologist of Scottish origin. He was a pioneer of telephony and sound recording, invented the telephone (1876), the photophone (a device for transmitting sound from a beam of light), the graphophone (Dictaphone with a wax cylinder) and one of the early prototypes of the player.
For three generations, the women in the Bell family stuttered and suffered from deafness. Grandfather, father and his sons were engaged in phonetics, diction and stuttering problems. In the third generation, Alexander, the son of a deaf mother, also married a deaf woman. Alexander Graham Bell studies and educates people with hearing problems, as did his father, his brother, his grandfather, and eventually this leads him to the invention of the telephone.
In 1877, Alexander Bell founded the international Bell Telephone Company. He conducted research in various fields of technology, including aeronautics and the use of a light beam in telecommunications.
Alexander Graham (Graham) Bell was born on March 3, 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland. At the age of 13 he graduated as an external student from the King's School, and when he was 16 years old, Alexander Bell began teaching at Weston House Academy. After studying for a year at the University of Edinburgh, Bell moved to live in England.
At 23, he emigrated to Canada with his family. This decision was made by him after the death of his two brothers from tuberculosis. In 1871, Alexander Bell accepted an offer to work at Boston University as a lecturer in the physiology of speech. In 1877 he married Mabel Hubbard, who was his student. Since 1882 he has received American citizenship. In 1888, Alexander Graham Bell co-founded the National Geographic Society of the United States.
On March 10, 1876, the first telephone conversation. Alexander Graham Bell and his assistant Thomas Watson spoke by telephone from two adjoining rooms in Bell's house. : "Watson, come! I need you here." After these first words, clearly audible on the other end of the telephone line, in the bedroom of Alexander Graham Bell, his assistant, electrician Thomas Watson, appeared. During the conversation, he was in the same house in the room next to Bell. Thomas Watson entered triumphantly, saying, "Mr. Bell, Mr. Bell, I heard you very distinctly!" This event took place on March 10, 1876 in Boston. This is how the home telephone was invented.
Three days earlier (March 7) in the United States, patent No. 174456 was issued. It was on that day that humanity received one of the most amazing inventions that changed our world forever - the telephone. But Alexander Graham Bell himself never enjoyed talking on the phone with his mother and wife; not because he did not want to be distracted by empty chatter, but because both of his women were deaf.
The stories of many families show us how the weakness and illness of loved ones can be the cause of inspiration and wonderful discoveries (like the invention of aspirin on March 6, 1899. This also applies to the inventor of the telephone, Alexander Bell.
