Difficulty of programming languages rating. The most popular programming languages. Programming languages for beginners. The lightest programming language
To assess the prospects of their efforts, each programmer should regularly look at the ratings of programming languages. It often happens that there will be some trendy language that everyone starts writing about, but then this language quietly disappears. Those programmers who rushed to learn this language suddenly see that their efforts were in vain.
For example, Prolog became very popular in the mid-80s, but then its popularity declined sharply. And now almost no one writes on it. And the place of the popular newcomer was taken by Python.
How to find out the rating of programming languages? There is no overall rating because there is no easy way collect such statistics. But there are different ways of assessing the popularity of programming languages. Consider the most popular ratings.
The TIOBE Index is based on the evaluation of the results of search queries containing the name of the language. The logic of this index is very simple: "If a language is searched for in search engines, then it is popular." Of course, this statement is controversial, because professional programmers will very rarely look for the name of a programming language in a search engine. They are more often looking for a solution to a specific problem. But a huge plus of this rating is that it fairly objectively shows interest in a particular language.
The TIOBE index shows the most popular programming languages, information about which was searched for on the 25 most popular search engines, that is, queries like: "+"
The TIOBE index for January 2020 looks like this:
TIOBE also named C as the programming language of 2019.
The graph of index changes clearly shows how the popularity of programming languages has changed. But at the same time, the first or second place is constantly divided by the two languages Java and C. Although Java is actively promoted by Oracle, no one is promoting the C language.
And what's even more interesting is that C++ has never been able to surpass C in popularity.
2. Wappalyzer rating for web apps
The Wappalyzer service uses various methods to identify web technologies. The ranking of programming languages for website development for January 2020 looks like this.
In web programming, PHP is definitely the leader, more than 80% of sites are written in this language.
4. IEEE Spectrum Rating
The annual IEEE Spectrum Top Programming Languages ranking uses 11 metrics from 8 sources, including search terms, tweets, and even mentions in programming jobs. On the one hand, this rating uses more data, but on the other hand, in many sources, the data is of a related nature. The more vacancies are published in a certain programming language, the more requests will be in search engines. That is, new languages are more likely to get to the top of the rankings.
5. Stack Overflow Rating
Stack Overflow is a place where developers can ask and answer programming questions. This site has about 40 million visits per month. There is a Russian version of the site: ru.stackoverflow.com
This rating is calculated based on a survey of developers. In 2019, over 90,000 developers were surveyed and ranked programming languages. Rather, it is a ranking of languages that raise questions. JavaScript is the leader in this ranking.
Such popularity is understandable, now JavaScript is booming and every new feature raises a lot of questions, so programmers go to Stack Overflow to ask questions.
Curiously, C didn't even make the top ten.
6. Jobs on Head Hunter
You can approach the rating of programming languages from the other side and see which languages are indicated in the vacancies and how much they are going to pay. One of the most popular platforms for finding jobs in the IT field is the HeadHunter website. There is a separate section - vacancies for programmers.
At the bottom of the page, you can see a list of similar requests and make sure that employers have slightly different requests.
Here you can see that a programmer who knows Pascal (Delphi environment) is still in demand.
7. Google Books Ngram Viewer
And in the end, let's look at the extremely useful Google service, where you can watch the use of keywords in publications. Therefore, you can watch the popularity of not only programming languages, but any technology.
At the beginning of this article, there are graphs of the use of the words Prolog and Python. Now let's introduce JavaScript, Python and PHP.
It can be seen how in 1992 there is interest in JavaScript and it quickly overtakes Python and PHP.
How can a beginner choose a programming language for future work? Assess the level of salaries? Demand? Based on what is easier to learn? Or carefully study the trend lines of popularity?
In fact, you can spend a lot of time choosing the best programming language. But as soon as it comes to personal acquaintance, there will be a need to change the favorite. Today, your attention will be offered a choice that should appeal to the vast majority of novice geeks - a combination of ease of study and demand in the labor market. These two arguments are relatively easy to reliably verify, so the result will be close to objectivity.
Criteria
We will arrange in places based on the demand rating. We will take a number of foreign articles ( , , ) as a base, while we will confirm the Russian reality with the help of hh.ru and trud.com aggregators. The statistics, of course, are relevant on the day of writing the text, and are unlikely to change much by publication.
What we will not take into account is the level of salaries and the self-sufficiency of the language, simply because of the relativity of these criteria.
Swift
Formally, Swift, of course, is not yet as in demand among employers as Objective-C, and getting into this rating is largely due to the common platform. But it is categorically impossible to ignore the prospect in this rating. Therefore, we recommend that you start studying now. We invite you to a free two-hour.
Let's take a look at the numbers of Russian HR agencies - 471 vacancies in Russia and neighboring countries on hh.ru and 410 on trud.com. Pretty good for a 3 year old. If you add Objective-C, you can safely multiply numbers by 3.
C/C++
Calling C or C++ easy to learn is not entirely correct, especially when compared to Python or Ruby. But in this case, it is worth talking about the huge amount of high-quality educational literature, about the fundamental nature and the useful residue that will remain in your head, even if you do not connect your future life with them.
But if you still like the languages, then there are already 2,325 vacancies only in Russia on hh.ru and 12,543 on trud.com. At the same time, it is important for you to understand that if, in the case of the Swift language, these were vacancies exclusively for developers, then with C ++ you may need the language not only in the familiar IT field, but also as a CNC operator and an auto electrician.
JavaScript
Not only is JavaScript highly in demand in modern world thanks to the crazy development of Internet technologies, thanks to modules and libraries, its zone of influence began to spread to all other IT areas.
Throw in the fact that JavaScript is relatively easy to learn. Borrowing the basic things from C and gradually developing from a bonus element for HTML and CSS to an independent force, he received a digestible syntax and an extremely understandable logic for a beginner.
And now to the demand: 6,365 vacancies only within Russia on hh.ru and 5,565 on trud.com. These are quite good numbers for those who are determined to find a job after graduation.
Python
When it comes to the combination of ease and demand (in that order), most developers think of Python first. It is a language proven by time and millions of students, saving valuable time both at the stage of learning and application. At the same time, the number of IT areas where you might need Python is not limited by anything at all. Many thanks to fans and enthusiasts and the Python Software Foundation.
It is important to note that the demand for Python specialists is much higher abroad than in Russia. However, it will not be difficult to find a job here either: 2,325 vacancies in the public domain according to hh.ru and 2,537 - trud.com.
Java
Java is a great language in every way. This is confirmed both by TIOBE statistics, and by the most popular OS in the world, and simply by the fact that it is a fairly simple language with a very powerful ecosystem.
If expressed in figures of Russian reality, then the relevance of Java is 4,628 points according to hh.ru and 4,490 - trud.com. Yes, these are not impressive results compared to some previous contenders, but, firstly, this is due to the specifics of our IT market, secondly, the growth trend is strictly positive, and thirdly, Java will still be simpler than C/C++.
SQL
You probably didn’t want to see such a leader, but formally there’s nothing to complain about here. It is very difficult for you to avoid using a database in modern realities, and no one has yet come up with a more universal tool than SQL. It is this fact that allows this language to sit firmly in first place in almost all such ratings.
The language of domestic figures here does not reflect the real demand too clearly, but it will not make you doubt the leadership of SQL in this rating. In fact, he got 8,303 internal vacancies on hh.ru and 8,933 on trud.com.
P.S.
Looking at the rating published at the very beginning, you probably have a reasonable question: “Where are Perl and C #?”. It's all about the very projection onto Russian reality. For example, Perl has 581 results for hh.ru and 577 for trud.com. This, of course, is better than Swift, but the apple language has an obvious prospect, and the demand for Perl in Russia will most likely only fall.
Regarding C#, the situation is better here: 906 vacancies on hh.ru and over 16 thousand on trud.com. However, the second figure should not mislead you: almost half of the vacancies are C / C ++ developers with knowledge of C #, therefore, in terms of aggregate and fundamental significance, it was the first group of languages that was placed in the title, and the second was modestly mentioned at the end.
With the beginning of a new year, it is quite natural for each of us to start thinking about our future and career options. Our site has been annually publishing a rating of the most popular programming languages for several years.
Note that the TIOBE rating does not at all judge the quality or universality for learning a programming language, the main criterion for selecting an index is the number of search queries for each specific language. That is, the more through the world's most popular search engines(Google, Yahoo!, Baidu, Wikipedia, YouTube) one or another programming language is searched for, the higher it will be in the ranking.
- Python
- VisualBasic.NET
- JavaScript
- Delphi/Object Pascal
- Assembly
- Visual Basic
- Swift
- Objective-C
- Groovy
- MATLAB
- PL/SQL
Now let's dwell on the 10 most interesting, in our opinion, programming languages. Note that in our top ten there are two languages not included in the TIOBE TOP10: Objective-C and SQL. The first one, Objective-C, did not make it into the TOP 10 just because some of the search queries were taken over by the new "Apple" Swift programming language. The second, SQL, we decided to include because of its importance, since it is thanks to it that the interaction between a person and databases takes place, without which it is impossible to imagine the existence of a modern website today.
Java
Difficulty: 3/5
About language: to begin with, we note that Java is not a coffee variety, but the name of a programming language that has been actively used since the 90s of the last century. Despite the fact that this language is open, i.e. it is free to use by anyone and is currently owned and maintained by Oracle Corporation. Java was developed as a programming language that will be used on any device, as a result, programs are written in this language for computers, smartphones, and even TVs with SMART TV technology.
Why should I teach him A: Java is one of the most popular programming languages. Both large and small businesses are overwhelmed with software written in this language. Therefore, if you have an idea for creating an innovative business program, Java is quite possibly the most suitable language for this. The same applies to the development of applications for the Android platform, since Java is the main language for writing programs among developers for the Google operating system.
Program examples: Many popular Android apps such as Angry Birds, Temple Run and Candy Crush Saga are written in Java. The same applies to most of the paid software written for airlines, government and banking institutions.
C
Difficulty: 3/5
About language: A large number of people in the programming community consider C to be the "grandfather" of all modern programming languages. There are two reasons for this point of view. First, the C language was developed in the 1970s when computers could fill entire rooms. Secondly, a large number of modern languages, such as Java, C ++ and Python, were created under the influence of the C language. However, despite its venerable age, the C language continues to be actively used, and it will be a long time before this language begins to lose its popularity.
The C language uses a technique that reduces the use of random access memory as much as possible.
Why should I teach him: Most good programmers know many programming languages. If you also don't want to stop at one language, starting your learning with C is a good idea. As with all worthwhile things, learning C will be very difficult for most at first. However, this should not be a deterrent, because after C, all other modern languages, such as Objective C, C++, PHP and many others, will be much easier for you to learn.
Program examples: As you probably already realized, C is a very powerful programming language. Due to its power, C is just perfect when you need to take full control of the program you create. That is why most of the modern popular operating systems, such as Windows, OSX, and Linux, are written in C. Almost all computerized devices, in whole or in part, use the C language in their work. From microwaves, remote controls and calculators to databases and shuttle controls, the C language universal, which is used almost everywhere.
C++
Difficulty: 5/5
About language: In short, C ++ is still the same C, but only with a larger set of options. While both of these languages are considered general purpose programming languages, C is more used in the development of "machine-reader" software such as operating systems, while C++ is used for higher-level applications such as accounting programs and video game engines.
Why should I teach him: For large projects like developing a web browser, creating a video card driver, or writing an algorithm for financial trading, C++ is the best option. This language has such a quality as object-oriented programming, which in C is supported with great difficulty. Due to this, for some tasks C++ is more suitable than C, as it will help to solve the same problem in less time.
Program examples: The engines of most popular computer games today, such as Call of Duty, Halo and FIFA, are written in C ++. Also, big animation studios like Pixar, Disney and DreamWorks use C++ to some extent in their animation software. Due to its reliability and speed, C++ is also used to develop proprietary high-frequency trading algorithms that allow Wall Street firms to sell thousands of shares in a fraction of a second.
C#
Difficulty: 3/5
About language: C# was developed in the early 2000s as a general-purpose language for Microsoft products. C# can be used to develop both standard Windows applications and web applications on the server side. This language is part of the so-called "Microsoft" .NET family, which includes a number of other languages that are sometimes combined with C # when developing large projects.
Why should I teach him: If you want to create applications for the Windows platform or are interested in creating a website that will run on a Windows server, then learning C# is a great choice. Despite the fact that this language is not as popular as PHP or Java, C # has shown an annual increase in demand since its inception.
Program examples: Since C# was developed by Microsoft to create their products, it is reasonable to assume that web applications such as Bing and MSN use this language. In addition, C# is used to write programs for smartphones running on the Windows Phone platform.
Python
Difficulty: 1/5
About language: Python is a general-purpose programming language that appeared in the 90s of the last century. The main distinguishing feature of this language is its incredible readability, which makes Python ideal for beginners. Despite being relatively easy to learn, you can do some pretty cool stuff with Python, including web development, 3D rendering, and scientific computing.
Why should I teach him: You should definitely try learning Python if you want to jump straight into programming with ease. Unlike low-level languages such as C and Java, you will spend relatively less time learning Python. That is why many now consider Python the most suitable programming language for beginners.
Program examples: Instagram, YouTube and Reddit are prime examples of what Python is capable of. Note that as the popularity of these services increased, so did the number of technologies used in them, however, despite this, Python continues to play a key role in the launch of these sites.
PHP
Difficulty: 2/5
About language: PHP is another relative of C. It's even written in C. As a result, PHP has inherited some of the power of its older forebear. Languages like C are used for low-level development, while PHP is designed to build web applications like Facebook.
Why should I teach him: If you've come up with an idea for a new website, languages like PHP are much more practical and versatile than C or C++. Moreover, if you are new to programming but want to learn how to create web applications as quickly as possible, PHP is without a doubt a great place to start.
Program examples: PHP is used on more than two hundred million websites worldwide, which speaks for itself about its popularity. What's more, the popular WordPress engine — which powers millions of blogs, news portals, online stores, and more — is written entirely in PHP.
JavaScript
Difficulty: 2/5
About language: People who are new to programming languages often don't know that there is any difference between Java and JavaScript. This language was originally called ECMAScript, but due to the then ever-increasing popularity of the Java language, the creators of JavaScript decided to rename their brainchild in order to attract as many people as possible. Note that, with the exception of the name, the two languages have very little in common.
Why should I teach him: If you're interested in front-end web design, then you should definitely learn JavaScript. This language is used to give interactivity to web pages. Without JavaScript, the pages look lifeless, while with it you can figuratively "animate" the page by adding animation, and generally improving its (the site's) manageability through the web interface. While most of the time JavaScript is used for front-end development, thanks to frameworks like Node.js you can create back-end applications as well.
Program examples A: JavaScript is used on 88% of websites worldwide. When you look at the number of sites that are active worldwide today, you will realize that 88% is a very, very high number. Know if when you visit a web page you see a dropdown menu, hover effects, and other animations - know that JavaScript is used here.
ruby
Difficulty: 2/5
About language: Ruby (like Python) is a lightweight yet very powerful programming language. Note that despite the fact that Ruby appeared around the same time as Python, it was not very popular until its Rails framework was developed. A framework in computer programming means an addition to a language that greatly simplifies or speeds up the development of applications. The Rails framework has made web development incredibly intuitive.
Why should I teach him: As we wrote above, Ruby is very similar to Python. At the same time, the Ruby language has a coding style that not all programmers like, which automatically makes it less attractive compared to Python. However, do not get scared prematurely, because as one of the developers of Ruby noted, each programmer has his own special understanding of the attractiveness of the style of writing code, so if one programmer prefers Python to the Ruby language, then another may, on the contrary, choose Ruby instead of Python.
Program examples: Metasploit and Twitter, two completely different applications, are developed using the Ruby language. Metasploit is one of the most popular cybersecurity software used by tens of thousands of people and private companies to protect their data. Twitter is a world famous microblogging site that was written with Ruby and its Rails framework.
SQL
Difficulty: 3/5
About language: SQL is a special purpose programming language. Special purpose languages, as the name suggests, are used for special tasks, as opposed to the general purpose languages we've been talking about so far. SQL was designed to make it easier to work with information stored in a database.
Why should I teach him: If you want to manage information stored in databases, you should definitely learn SQL. Note that this language has many dialects, but once you become well versed in one of them, it will not be difficult for you to understand and learn others.
Program examples: Systems such as MySQL, Oracle and PostgreSQL are used to work with information stored in databases of hospitals, companies, government and banking institutions. "Communication" between the above programs and databases takes place just the same in the SQL language.
Objective-C
Difficulty: 3/5
About language: Objective-C can be considered the C# language of the OSX and iOS world. Apple introduced Objective-C in the 80s of the last century, when the company was just on its way to becoming. Since then, Objective-C has become the de facto programming language in which all software for Apple devices was written, including the iPhone and iPod.
Why should I teach him: If you are interested in writing programs for the MacBook, iPhone or iPad, you will definitely have to learn Objective-C. Unlike open source languages like C, which you can freely use without any questions, Objective-C is owned by Apple, so you must be sure to follow the rules set by its owner when working with this language.
Program examples A: When you use any Apple device, be aware that all applications running on it are written using the Objective-C language. For example, popular iPhone apps like Uber, Instagram, and SnapChat rely entirely on Objective-C.
What do you think is the most popular programming language of 2016? Leave your comments below, it will be very interesting to discuss this topic!
If you are a student or have just decided to start a career in the IT field and are 100% wondering which programming language to choose for a good career, then you just need to understand the current market demand.
Or look into the future - what will be in great demand in the next 5 years.
Since the 1970s, a great many programming languages have been created, but in fact, there are not so many languages in demand.
Most in-demand programming languages in 2019
1 Java is one of the most popular languages for developing modern enterprise applications. Many frameworks have been created for Java, and therefore developers can create cool applications for a wide range of users.
2 Language C/C++. It is a one-stop choice for desktop development software, hardware-accelerated games, and applications that require a large amount of memory to run.
3 Objective-C- this language is useful to you if you are going to develop applications for Apple Mac OS X, as well as for iPhones, iPads. This language has become very popular since the release of the first iPhone in 2007.
4 Language C#(C sharp). It is the most popular language for Windows application development right now, and very popular for mobile devices. And the game development engine (Unity 3D) also uses C# as one of its main languages.
5 Language PHP is an essential tool for building modern web applications. Most of the sites focused on large amounts of data are developed on PHP. For example, content management systems like WordPress.
6 Every modern website uses JavaScript. It is a key language for creating site interactivity or building user interfaces, and many popular JavaScript frameworks have been created. + there is a server part (NodeJS)
7 Ruby on Rails. This language is gaining popularity among start-up companies as it is better suited for rapid web application development (compared to Java or .Net)
8 Python. Web applications, statistics, data analysis, user interfaces - for every task there is a suitable framework in Python.
Promising programming languages 2015-2025
Erlang. The main feature is parallelism! Large banks with millions of users use Erlang.
Language R. Widely used for statistical software development.
Swift. The Swift programming language is a new, faster and easier way to develop for Mac and iOS than Objective-C.
go. This language is developed by Google. The correct approach to building system software on multi-core computers.
How to make a choice
We believe that the most important and important thing when choosing a programming language is only your own desire.
Desire WHAT specifically, namely to program, to create.
So far, we have identified only a few areas: the corporate sector, web development, mobile development, system programming, work with big data
You will have to code for medium and large businesses, as well as for state corporations. These are mainly applications for electronic document management, automation, control, financial reporting, etc. Lots of money, lots of work. There really is a demand for the best specialists.
Learn Java first. And it is obligatory databases (SQL language) - Oracle, MSSQL.
Microsoft solutions in this area are also good. Learn C#, and indeed the entire .Net platform
Sometimes C++
Web development
The most popular environment for beginner programmers.
Creation of websites, from simple to complex, online stores, functional web applications.
First we learn HTML, CSS, JS. Then, we continue to develop in PHP + MySQL databases.
Also, a certain share of developments falls on Ruby and sometimes even on MS solutions (ASP .Net)
The most growing area of development.
You will have to code for smartphones and tablets.
The programs are very diverse, from simple games to functional applications for corporations.
Everything is divided into 3 areas - Android, Apple, Windows.
For Apple, you need to know Objective C and Swift.
For Android - Java. For Windows - .Net
A bit difficult area for beginner programmers.
This is everything related to system software, control systems.
Develop drivers, utilities, firmware, embedded software.
There is a lot to know.
Language C, C++, Assembler.
The device of iron, operating systems, networks.
Brief conclusions about programming languages
Rating of programming languages 2015
Objective C, Swift, Ruby.
Python, Perl, Basic.
prospects
Prospects in the near future - Swift, Erlang, R, GO.
Choice
Do you like to code functional and useful applications for business? - corporate, Java+SQL
I like to develop games for mobile phones - in mobile development and gamedev, Java, Swift.
I would like to try myself in this business - create a website, an online store, HTML + CSS + PHP + MySQL.
I like hardware, know the device thoroughly - in system programming, C, C ++, Assembler.
Rating 2015. In Russia and abroad. So different
Abroad
And so the demand looks a little different.
In Russia
And since Russia lags behind the leading countries, it is quite possible that demand will shift in the other direction.
In the modern world, programming is one of the most prosperous branches of technological progress. The need to work with programs is not in doubt, since at present almost any activity is computerized. That is why good programmers are highly valued both in Russia and abroad.
Briefly about programming languages
A programming language is a system of interrelated characters necessary for writing computer programs. In addition, there is a set of rules that affect the type of program. Depending on these rules, the computer performs computational processes or controls objects. This method of programming is intended exclusively for human-computer interaction.
There are two main types of programming languages:
- A standard (a set of elements representing its syntax and semantics).
- The embodiment of the standard (the software itself, which makes it possible to ensure the operation of the standard).
Despite the power and versatility of currently existing languages, no syntax is universal. The diversity of systems forces us to invent new variants of languages. The spread of multi-core processors and portability have created a new job for developers.
History reference
Since the creation of the first electronic computers, about eight thousand programming languages have been invented. And now they continue to be created almost daily. True, many of them are known only to the creators themselves, but some of them are available for use by millions of people.
The origins of programming belong to the nineteenth century. To some extent, programmable devices can be called, for example, looms and mechanical pianos. The principle of controlling them was based on instructions that can be considered a prototype of current programming languages, only very simplified and primitive.
The founder of the creation of programming languages is Ada Augusta Lovelace, a British mathematician who, in the middle of the nineteenth century, wrote a program for calculating Bernoulli numbers, designed for an analytical machine. It is considered to be one of the programming languages \u200b\u200bnamed after the mathematician.
Basics
With the development of technical industries, it became necessary to create programs that control the processes of computing, creating something. From here a variety of programming languages began to appear.
Here is some of them:
- Assembler is a low-level language designed to interact directly with hardware.
- BASIC is the easiest to program; needed for the initial mastery of automation tools.
- "Cobol" - high level; used to solve economic problems.
- "Fortran" - high level; was created for the algorithmization of computational problems.
- "Ada" - high level; created to automate process control (named after Ada Lovelace).
- Pascal was designed to teach programming.
- C and C++ - a universal language for solving any problems; based on the requirements of the system programmer.
Popular languages
- JavaScript.
- Java.
- Python.
Judging by the rating, the most popular languages are JavaScript and Java. This is not surprising because they are built into browsers. Google Chrome and Safari, which are very commonly used by many people on the planet. In addition, these tools are used in the most popular AdobeAcrobat and Reader programs. This means that the rating of programming languages is based on the popularity of certain tools among users.
But according to IEEESpectrum magazine, C is the most popular, followed by Java, Python, and C++. This sequence is determined by searching results for special queries on well-known sites.
Tiobe Index
Tiobe is an index that allows you to determine the popularity and demand (rating) of programming languages. The calculation is based on search queries containing the name of a particular language.
Tiobe's ranking of programming languages is presented as follows: Java is in first place, C is in second place, and C++ is third. As of March 2016, Java held 25% of the market in terms of popularity among other languages. The popularity of C decreased by 2% and amounted to 14%. ObjectiveC has significantly lost its position, which is surprising, because it is the main one on the IPhone and iPad platforms. JavaScript is also losing its popularity, moving to the bottom of the list.
Frequently Used Languages
When creating an OS, it is impossible to predict what exactly the user will need. Sometimes it happens that the OS lacks a function that is not provided. It is for their creation that programming languages are needed, with the help of which special code is written and implemented. It is recognized by the computer and edits the program or creates an auxiliary one. For such tasks, the most popular languages are C and C++, as well as BASIC and Pascal. They usually create systems for Windows and DOS.
Programming languages are divided into two groups:
- Client-side (represented by JavaScript).
- Server-side (HTML is a good example).
By the way, it is HTML that leads the ranking of the use of programming languages. Its advantages are easy recognition of HTML templates by any of the existing browsers. This language is basic, without its knowledge it is impossible to move to higher levels of programming.
Demand for languages
The demand rating for programming languages is based on relevance in various areas of employment. Financial systems require sophisticated and varied programming tools such as Java and C#. But for web pages and similar programs, you need a simple and laconic language, such as JavaScript or Ruby.
In the field of employers, the knowledge of SQL is the most demanded. Based on it, databases such as MySQL, Microsoft SQL were created, which are used by many large institutions. In addition, all Android and IOS phones have access to a SQL database called SQLite.
Thus, we can conclude. The ranking of programming languages in 2016 is represented by tools that are very similar in popularity, use and demand. But there are still differences, and the reason for this is the different requirements of individual areas of activity.
